The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chills. The four classic signs of inflammation are warmth, redness, swelling, and pain. Chills are not a direct result of inflammation but rather a response to fever or infection. Warmth, redness, and swelling are caused by increased blood flow to the affected area, leading to dilation of blood vessels and leakage of fluid into the tissues. Chills typically occur as a response to a systemic infection and are not specific to inflammation at a localized site.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D - Vecuronium Rationale: Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. It does not directly cause muscle contractions or twitching. Summary: A: Acetylcholine - Stimulates muscle contraction by binding to receptors at the neuromuscular junction. B: Strychnine - Enhances spinal reflexes leading to muscle twitches and spasms. C: Succinylcholine - Acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, leading to muscle contractions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: MAO inhibitors. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are both monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAOIs work by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which increases the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. This leads to an improvement in mood and alleviation of depressive symptoms. Tricyclic antidepressants (choice A) work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters, 5-HT uptake inhibitors (choice C) specifically target serotonin reuptake, and atypical antidepressants (choice D) have various mechanisms of action different from MAOIs. Therefore, the correct choice is B as phenelzine and tranylcypromine are classified as MAO inhibitors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Promotes GABA release. Gabapentin increases the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity and alleviate pain. This mechanism of action is different from choices A, B, and C, as Gabapentin does not bind to GABAA or GABAB receptors nor inhibit GABA destruction. It is important to understand the specific pharmacological actions of Gabapentin to grasp its therapeutic effects accurately.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Domperidone selectively blocks levodopa-induced vomiting by acting on peripheral dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. 2. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier, hence does not interfere with levodopa's antiparkinsonian action. 3. Metoclopramide (A) can cross the blood-brain barrier and may diminish the therapeutic effects of levodopa. 4. Cisapride (B) is a prokinetic agent and does not have a specific antiemetic effect on levodopa-induced vomiting. 5. Ondansetron (D) is a serotonin receptor antagonist that targets different pathways and does not specifically address levodopa-induced vomiting.