The founding of which international organization in 1948 was a pivotal moment in the global coordination of public health efforts?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The World Health Organization (WHO). Founded in 1948, WHO is the primary international organization dedicated to public health. It coordinates global health initiatives, sets health standards, and responds to health emergencies. The other choices are incorrect because: B: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a US-based agency focusing on disease control within the country. C: The United Nations Health Program does not exist; there is the World Health Organization within the UN. D: The International Red Cross primarily focuses on humanitarian aid and disaster relief, not public health coordination.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Collecting vital statistics and improving sanitation are examples of activities from early colonial America. Schools of nursing (A), vaccines (B), and public housing (D) developed after the colonial period.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Providing health care to seamen was an early effort by the federal government to improve public health via the Marine Hospital Service, established in 1798 to secure maritime trade. Nurses didn’t set quarantine policy (A), home care programs started later (B), and environmental improvements were broader board responsibilities (C).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement and emerged as the leader of public health nursing in the U.S. Nightingale (A) worked in the UK, Root (B) was an early visiting nurse, and Loeb (D) was a supporter, not a nurse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The National Organization for Public Health Nursing sought to standardize education and service standards. The Henry Street Settlement (D) was Wald’s work, competencies (C) came later via the Quad Council, and baccalaureate requirements (A) developed later.