The following statements regarding retinoblastoma are correct:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding retinoblastoma is crucial as it is a common pediatric ocular malignancy. The correct statement among the options provided is B) The tumor is heritable. Retinoblastoma can be heritable due to mutations in the RB1 gene. This genetic predisposition can lead to the development of retinoblastoma in children. Option A) "It is usually fatal even if diagnosis is made early" is incorrect. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can lead to a good prognosis in retinoblastoma cases. With advances in medical technology and early intervention, the survival rates have significantly improved. Option C) "They may occur bilaterally" is incorrect. Retinoblastomas can be unilateral or bilateral. Approximately 25% of retinoblastoma cases are bilateral, affecting both eyes. It is essential for healthcare providers to assess both eyes in cases of suspected retinoblastoma. Option D) "The finding of leucorrhoea suggests the diagnosis" is incorrect. Leukocoria, not leucorrhoea, is a common presenting sign of retinoblastoma. Leukocoria refers to the white reflection seen in the pupil of the affected eye, which can indicate the presence of a retinal tumor. Educationally, understanding the key features of retinoblastoma is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma, such as leukocoria, can lead to early detection and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Nurses play a crucial role in educating parents about the importance of regular eye exams and seeking medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise. This knowledge empowers healthcare providers to advocate for timely screenings and interventions in pediatric patients at risk for retinoblastoma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the signs and symptoms of psychosis in children is crucial for early identification and intervention. The correct answer, option D) Feelings of depersonalization, is indicative of psychosis in children. Depersonalization refers to feeling detached from oneself, which is a common symptom in psychotic disorders. Option A) Absence of speech is more indicative of selective mutism or other communication disorders rather than psychosis. Option B) Intense outbursts of temper are commonly seen in disruptive behavior disorders such as ADHD or oppositional defiant disorder. Option C) Recurrence of bed-wetting following a period of control is more suggestive of emotional stress or developmental issues rather than psychosis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing subtle signs of psychosis in children, which can often be overlooked or misinterpreted. By understanding these distinctions, healthcare providers can better assess and support children with mental health concerns. Early identification and intervention are key in improving outcomes for children experiencing psychosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the effects of drugs on electrolyte balance is crucial. The correct answer, option C) Salbutamol for asthma, causes hypokalemia. Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that can stimulate the Na+/K+ pump, leading to potassium shifting into cells and subsequent hypokalemia. This effect is important to monitor in pediatric patients to prevent cardiac arrhythmias. Option A) Commencement of digoxin for atrial fibrillation is incorrect because digoxin can actually lead to hyperkalemia due to its effects on renal potassium excretion. Option B) ACE inhibitors typically do not cause hypokalemia; instead, they can lead to hyperkalemia due to their mechanism of action on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Option D) Vitamin B1 for the treatment of pernicious anemia is incorrect as it does not have a direct impact on potassium levels. Understanding the specific effects of medications on electrolytes is essential for safe pediatric pharmacological management, especially in cardiovascular conditions where electrolyte imbalances can have serious consequences on cardiac function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the cranial nerves and their functions is crucial as they play a significant role in regulating autonomic functions. The correct answer is option D) Vagus nerve. The vagus nerve, also known as cranial nerve X, carries pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves that innervate various organs in the thorax and abdomen, including the heart. It is responsible for regulating heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, and respiratory function in children. Option A) Oculomotor nerve controls the movements of the eye and is not primarily involved in carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option B) Trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and motor functions for chewing. It is not associated with carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option C) Facial nerve controls facial expressions and taste sensation, but it does not carry pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Educationally, knowing the specific functions of each cranial nerve is vital for pediatric nurses when assessing and managing cardiovascular conditions in children. Understanding the role of the vagus nerve in regulating autonomic functions helps nurses provide comprehensive care and anticipate potential complications related to the cardiovascular system in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the typical features of Down's syndrome is crucial for providing holistic care to patients. The correct answer, option B) Hypotonia, is a key characteristic of Down's syndrome. Hypotonia, or reduced muscle tone, is commonly observed in individuals with Down's syndrome and can impact their motor development and overall physical abilities. Option A) Brachycephaly refers to a shortened head shape, which is not a typical feature of Down's syndrome. Male infertility, option C), is not a common characteristic associated with Down's syndrome. Option D) Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is more indicative of neural tube defects rather than Down's syndrome. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients with Down's syndrome. Recognizing the unique features of this condition can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and tailored care planning to optimize outcomes for these individuals.