The following statements concerning mechanism of nitrate beneficial clinical effect are true, EXCEPT?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because increased myocardial oxygen consumption is not a mechanism of nitrate's beneficial clinical effect. Nitrate works by decreasing myocardial oxygen requirement, relieving coronary artery spasm, and improving perfusion to ischemic myocardium, which collectively help in managing angina. Increased myocardial oxygen consumption would worsen ischemia, contradicting the purpose of using nitrates.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because thyrotrophin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), stimulates the release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from the thyroid gland. This occurs through the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent increase in cAMP levels, leading to the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. Choices A and B are incorrect as they pertain to the iodine-related processes within the thyroid follicles, but TSH itself does not directly stimulate these processes. Choice D is also incorrect as TSH does not promote the de-iodination of thyroid hormones; instead, it supports their synthesis and release.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Progestins have noncontraceptive clinical uses such as hormone replacement therapy, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis. Progestins can help regulate hormone levels during menopause (A), reduce menstrual pain (B), and manage symptoms of endometriosis (C). Each of these uses is supported by scientific evidence and clinical practice. Therefore, the correct answer includes all the possible noncontraceptive clinical uses of progestins. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all of the noncontraceptive clinical uses of progestins as listed in the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Innate immunity is the body's immediate, nonspecific defense against pathogens. 2. It is present from birth and acts quickly to eliminate microbes. 3. It includes physical barriers, chemical barriers, and immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. 4. This initial response is crucial for preventing infection. 5. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe innate immunity, as they refer to other concepts unrelated to the immediate, nonspecific defense mechanisms of the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increase the number of T-cells. Levamisole is an immunomodulatory drug that works by stimulating the production and proliferation of T-cells in the immune system. This mechanism helps in enhancing the immune response against pathogens and cancer cells. Explanation for other choices: A: Inhibiting CD3 receptor is not the mechanism of action of levamisole. B: Complement-mediated cytolysis of T lymphocytes is not related to the action of levamisole. C: Levamisole does not substitute for patient's deficient immunoglobulins; it works by increasing T-cell count.