The following medications are truly matched to their major pharmacological groups EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) fluoxetine tricyclic antidepressants. Fluoxetine belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), not tricyclic antidepressants. Tricyclic antidepressants include medications like amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline, which have a different mechanism of action compared to SSRIs like fluoxetine. Option A, methylphenidate as a stimulant, is correct as methylphenidate is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Option B, atomoxetine as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is also correct as atomoxetine is a non-stimulant medication used to treat ADHD by affecting the levels of norepinephrine in the brain. Option C, escitalopram as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is correct as escitalopram is an SSRI commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Understanding the pharmacological groups of medications is crucial for pediatric nurses to safely administer and monitor drug therapy in pediatric patients. It is essential for nurses to be able to differentiate between different drug classes to ensure appropriate treatment and minimize potential adverse effects. Knowledge of pharmacology helps nurses make informed clinical decisions and provide optimal care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In diagnosing autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), language assessment plays a crucial role. Option C, "absent single words by 16 months," is the exception among the given choices that should not raise concern regarding language development and indicate ASD. By 16 months, it is considered within the typical range for a child to not yet have single words, and it is not necessarily indicative of ASD at this age. Options A, B, and D are indicators that may raise concerns about language development and suggest ASD. Absent babbling by 6 months (option A) may indicate a potential issue with early communication skills. Absent gestures by 12 months (option B) is another early red flag for ASD as gestures are a significant part of pre-verbal communication. Absent 2-word purposeful phrases by 24 months (option D) is also a concerning sign, as by this age, children typically begin to combine words to form simple phrases. In an educational context, understanding these developmental milestones and red flags is vital for healthcare professionals working with children, especially pediatric nurses. Recognizing these signs early can lead to timely interventions and support for children with ASD, highlighting the importance of early screening and assessment in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) congenital anomalies. Neonatal mortality refers to the death of a newborn within the first 28 days of life. Congenital anomalies, which are present at birth, are a major cause of neonatal mortality in full-term newborns. These anomalies can affect various organs and systems in the body, leading to life-threatening conditions. Option A) respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is more commonly seen in premature infants due to immature lungs that lack surfactant. While RDS can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, it is less common in full-term newborns. Option B) necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal emergency that primarily affects premature infants. Full-term newborns are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants. Option C) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who require mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. Full-term newborns are not as predisposed to developing BPD as preterm infants. Educationally, understanding the major causes of neonatal mortality is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care and support to newborns and their families. Recognizing the specific risk factors associated with full-term newborns can help nurses anticipate and address potential complications early, ultimately improving outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question regarding true umbilical cord knots, the correct answer is A) short cord. The presence of true umbilical cord knots is indeed associated with various adverse outcomes, including fetal demise. However, a short cord is not typically associated with the formation of true knots. A true umbilical cord knot forms when the fetus moves through a loop in the umbilical cord, causing a knot to develop. This is more likely to occur in situations where there is excess cord length (long cord) rather than a short cord. Small fetal size and polyhydramnios are also not directly linked to the formation of true knots in the umbilical cord. Understanding these associations is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for newborns and infants who may have had complications during the prenatal period. By recognizing the implications of true umbilical cord knots, nurses can provide appropriate care and support to affected infants and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding cephalohematoma is crucial for providing quality care to infants. In this question, option B is the correct answer because cephalohematoma does not extend across suture lines. Cephalohematoma is a collection of blood between a baby's skull and the periosteum and is limited by suture lines. Option A is incorrect because cephalohematoma is indeed a subperiosteal hemorrhage, which means bleeding underneath the periosteum. Option C is also incorrect as cephalohematoma occurs in approximately 2-3% of live births, not 1-2%. Option D is incorrect because an underlying skull fracture is associated with only a small percentage of cephalohematoma cases, typically around 10-25%. Educationally, knowing these details about cephalohematoma is important for pediatric nurses as they assess and care for infants. Understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and potential complications associated with conditions like cephalohematoma ensures that nurses can provide accurate assessments and interventions for their pediatric patients.