The following is suitable for treatment of acute dystonia as a result of metoclopramide treatment:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metoclopramide, a D2 antagonist, causes acute dystonia (e.g., oculogyric crisis). Procyclidine, an anticholinergic, rapidly reverses this IV, relaxing muscles, a suitable treatment. Benzhexol (trihexyphenidyl) works orally but is slower. Levodopa and bromocriptine, dopamine agonists, treat Parkinson's, not dystonia from dopamine blockade. Risperidone worsens it. IV procyclidine's speed is critical in acute settings, restoring normal movement effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Calcium absorption in the small intestine relies heavily on vitamin D, which enhances the process by increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins and improving gut uptake efficiency. Without adequate vitamin D, calcium absorption drops significantly, leading to potential bone health issues like osteoporosis or osteomalacia. Intrinsic factor, produced in the stomach, is critical for vitamin B12 absorption, not calcium, as it binds B12 for uptake in the ileum. Coenzymes, while involved in metabolic reactions, don't directly facilitate calcium absorption; their role is broader and unrelated to this specific process. Phosphorus, an abundant mineral, works with calcium in bone formation but doesn't enhance its absorption-in fact, excessive phosphorus can compete with calcium. Vitamin D's active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium levels by promoting its transport across intestinal cells, making it indispensable for maintaining skeletal integrity. This mechanism underscores why vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium utilization, distinguishing it from the other options, which lack a direct link to absorption efficiency.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Biliary secretion (e.g., rifampin) leads to fecal excretion for some drugs, while others recycle enterohepatically, prolonging action. Not all are fecal-bound-recirculation varies. Gallbladder stores bile, not metabolizes. Many drugs use bile, not rare. Recirculation reflects pharmacokinetics, affecting duration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, "I can take this medication when I feel anxious and it will relax me," is the statement that indicates the patient needs additional instruction. The correct answer is right because buspirone is not a fast-acting medication like benzodiazepines; it needs to be taken regularly to achieve its full therapeutic effect. Option A is incorrect because it correctly lists common side effects of buspirone. Option C is incorrect because it emphasizes the importance of regular dosing, which is necessary for buspirone's effectiveness. Option D is incorrect because it is important for the patient to understand that buspirone is not associated with dependence or abuse potential, unlike some other anti-anxiety medications. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure patients have a clear understanding of their medications to promote medication adherence and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Providing accurate information about the medication, including dosing instructions, expected effects, and potential side effects, is essential in patient education. Furthermore, correcting misconceptions and addressing patient concerns can enhance patient safety and satisfaction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances, such as hypocalcemia, is crucial for safe and effective nursing practice. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Muscle spasms. Hypocalcemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood, often presents with muscle spasms due to the role of calcium in muscle contraction and relaxation. Option A) Bruising is not a common sign of hypocalcemia. Bruising may be associated with other conditions like clotting disorders or trauma, but not directly linked to calcium levels. Option B) Hypertension is not typically a sign of hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia is more commonly associated with neuromuscular and cardiac manifestations rather than hypertension. Option C) Muscle wasting is not a common sign of hypocalcemia. Muscle wasting may be seen in conditions like malnutrition or muscular dystrophy, but it is not a hallmark sign of hypocalcemia. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of recognizing the specific signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances like hypocalcemia to provide appropriate patient care. Understanding these manifestations helps nurses intervene promptly to prevent complications related to calcium deficiencies such as tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Knowledge of pharmacology and its implications on patient health outcomes is vital for nursing practice.