The following is not a feature of hyper-vitaminosis D:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyper-vitaminosis D refers to an excessive intake of vitamin D leading to an elevated level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). The common features of hyper-vitaminosis D include symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and kidney disorders. However, hypertension is not a typical feature associated with hyper-vitaminosis D. Instead, hypertension is commonly associated with conditions such as high salt intake, obesity, and stress. Hence, hypertension is not a feature of hyper-vitaminosis D.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oxytocin is the drug of choice for controlling postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, helping to prevent and control excessive bleeding after childbirth. It is given via an intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection to help the uterus contract and reduce bleeding by causing the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract. Oxytocin is preferred due to its effectiveness, safety profile, and established role in managing postpartum hemorrhage. Other medications like Methylergometrine, Dihydroergotamine, and Prostaglandin E2 may also be used in certain situations, but oxytocin is the first-line drug for this purpose.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: While the combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive pill offers various health benefits, such as reducing menstrual blood loss, lowering the risk of fibrocystic breast disease, and decreasing the risk of endometrial carcinoma, it is important to note that it is associated with a slightly increased risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) compared to non-users. This is particularly significant in women who have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, or obesity. Overall, the cardiovascular risks should be carefully evaluated and discussed with a healthcare provider before initiating the use of the combined oral contraceptive pill, especially in women with existing cardiovascular risk factors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary mechanism of action of the combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive pill is the suppression of FSH and LH release. Estrogen and progestin in the pill work together to inhibit the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. By suppressing the release of FSH, the pill can prevent the development of a dominant follicle in the ovary. Without a dominant follicle, ovulation is less likely to occur. Additionally, the suppression of LH prevents the release of the mature egg from the ovary. Ultimately, by preventing ovulation, the combined pill effectively reduces the chances of fertilization and pregnancy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The form of oral contraception in which pills are taken continuously without interruption is known as the minipill. Unlike the combined pill, which contains both estrogen and progesterone, the minipill contains only progestin. It is taken daily without any breaks, making it a suitable option for individuals who prefer not to have a menstrual period or have certain medical conditions that may benefit from continuous hormonal contraception.