The following is/are true about LAIV Fluenz Tetra®:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) It contains live attenuated viruses. The LAIV Fluenz Tetra® is a live attenuated influenza vaccine that is administered intranasally. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus that are still able to induce an immune response without causing illness. This type of vaccine is effective in providing protection against influenza. Option B) It is recommended for individuals with egg allergy is incorrect because LAIV Fluenz Tetra® is not recommended for individuals with severe allergic reactions to eggs. In such cases, an alternative form of the influenza vaccine should be considered. Option C) It is contraindicated in patients receiving low dose inhaled corticosteroids is incorrect as there is no specific contraindication for individuals receiving low dose inhaled corticosteroids. However, individuals with certain medical conditions or who are immunocompromised may not be suitable candidates for LAIV. Option D) If influenza vaccine has not been received previously, a 3-year-old child having LAIV Fluenz Tetra® should receive 2 doses is incorrect. For children who have not previously received any influenza vaccine, two doses of the vaccine may be recommended, but this is not specific to LAIV Fluenz Tetra® alone. Educationally, understanding the different types of influenza vaccines and their indications is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those involved in infection control. This knowledge helps in making informed decisions about vaccine administration based on individual patient characteristics and contraindications. It also underscores the importance of staying updated on vaccine guidelines to ensure safe and effective immunization practices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is option C: Adults who develop splenic dysfunction should be offered Men B vaccine. Rationale: 1. Correct answer: Adults with splenic dysfunction are at increased risk of infections caused by encapsulated bacteria like meningococcal bacteria. The Men B vaccine specifically targets meningococcal B strain, providing protection against this pathogen. 2. Incorrect options: - Option A: Children under one year receiving 2 doses of Men ACWY vaccine is incorrect as this recommendation is for children with functional asplenia, not splenic dysfunction. - Option B: The combination of Hib/Men C, PPV23, and Men ACWY vaccines is not specifically recommended for children with splenic dysfunction. - Option D: Children under 5 years traveling to areas with increased risk of meningococcal disease should receive Men ACWY conjugate vaccine, not polysaccharide vaccine. Educational context: Understanding the specific vaccination recommendations for individuals with asplenia or splenic dysfunction is crucial for healthcare providers to prevent potentially life-threatening infections. Vaccination plays a critical role in protecting these vulnerable populations from infections that they are more susceptible to due to their compromised immune status. Healthcare professionals should be familiar with the appropriate vaccines and schedules to ensure optimal protection for their patients with splenic dysfunction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is option D: "Is licensed for use from 2 months of age." This is the correct answer because the 4C Men B protein vaccine (Bexsero®) is indeed licensed for use in infants as young as 2 months of age, as per the recommendations from regulatory agencies and medical authorities. Option A: "Bexsero® may protect up to 98% of circulating Men B strains in England and Wales" is incorrect. While Bexsero® is effective against many strains of Men B, the specific percentage can vary based on geographical location and circulating strains. Option B: "Bexsero® may also protect against infection by other capsular groups of meningococcus" is incorrect. Bexsero® primarily targets Men B strains and does not provide broad protection against other capsular groups of meningococcus. Option C: "Is currently recommended for all household contacts of an index case of invasive group B meningococcal disease" is incorrect. While close contacts of individuals with meningococcal disease may be recommended to receive prophylactic treatment, the specific recommendation for Bexsero® may vary depending on the situation and guidelines in place. Educational Context: Understanding the specifics of the 4C Men B protein vaccine (Bexsero®) is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those preparing for exams like the NCLEX. Knowing the age indication for the vaccine, its efficacy, and its limitations can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions when it comes to preventing and managing meningococcal disease in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Covers 23 serotypes. The Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is composed of polysaccharides from 23 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. These serotypes are responsible for causing a majority of pneumococcal diseases in humans. By including polysaccharides from these 23 serotypes in the vaccine, it provides protection against a wide range of strains of the bacteria. Option A) Children under 2 show good antibody responses to this vaccine is incorrect because the Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is not recommended for children under 2 years of age. Instead, the Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for this age group. Option C) Is highly effective at preventing pneumococcal infections, particularly otitis media is incorrect because while the vaccine provides some protection against pneumococcal infections, including otitis media, it is not 100% effective at preventing all cases of pneumococcal infections. Option D) Is effective at all ages is incorrect because the effectiveness of the Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine varies with age. It is more effective in older adults compared to young children. In an educational context, understanding the specifics of different vaccines and their indications is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those preparing for exams like the NCLEX. Knowing the target populations, effectiveness, and coverage of vaccines helps in providing appropriate care and guidance to individuals of different age groups in preventing infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is option B) People with chronic heart disease should receive pneumococcal vaccines. Pneumococcal vaccines are especially important for individuals with underlying health conditions that put them at higher risk for developing serious complications from pneumococcal infections, such as chronic heart disease. These individuals have weakened immune systems and are more susceptible to severe illness or even death from pneumococcal diseases. Option A) is incorrect because children over 2 years of age who are at risk should receive a dose of PPV but not in addition to primary PCV doses. Option C) is incorrect because diabetics controlled by diet do not have the same level of immune compromise as those on medications such as insulin. Option D) is incorrect because people with cochlear implants do not specifically require pneumococcal vaccines unless they have other underlying health conditions that warrant it. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers to understand the specific populations that require pneumococcal vaccines to provide appropriate care and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Understanding the rationale behind vaccine recommendations helps in improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of preventable diseases in vulnerable populations.