The following is/are true about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, option B is the correct answer: "HPV types 6 and 11 cause the majority of genital warts." The correct answer is based on the fact that HPV types 6 and 11 are indeed responsible for the majority of genital warts, which are a common manifestation of HPV infection. Genital warts are typically caused by low-risk HPV types like 6 and 11, which result in the development of these benign growths on the genital and anal areas. Option A is incorrect because it states that "HPV 18 is responsible for more than 50% of all cervical cancers in Europe," which is inaccurate. While HPV 18 is indeed a high-risk type associated with cervical cancer, it is not responsible for more than 50% of all cases in Europe. Option C is also incorrect as it states that "90% of new HPV infections clear within 2 years." While many HPV infections do clear on their own within a couple of years, the percentage mentioned is not accurate and may vary based on individual immune responses and other factors. Option D is incorrect as it mentions that "approximately 100 types of HPV infect the genital tract." In reality, there are over 100 types of HPV, but not all of them specifically infect the genital tract. Educationally, understanding the different types of HPV and their associated risks is crucial for healthcare professionals, as HPV is a prevalent infection with various implications such as cervical cancer and genital warts. Recognizing the specific types responsible for different outcomes is essential for effective prevention, screening, and management strategies in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, not ticks, so option A is incorrect. The highest transmission rates actually occur during and just after the rainy season, not the dry season, making option B incorrect. Option D stating a neurological sequela rate of approximately $10\%$ is inaccurate; the actual rate is much higher, around $30\%$. Option C is correct because Japanese encephalitis indeed has an incubation period of 5-15 days following the mosquito bite. Understanding these details is crucial in infection control to accurately identify and manage cases. Educating healthcare professionals about the specific characteristics of various infectious diseases enables timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and effective prevention strategies. Infection control quizzes like this help reinforce knowledge, enhance preparedness, and ultimately contribute to better patient outcomes and public health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Meningococcal C conjugate (henc) vaccine was introduced to the UK immunisation programme in 1999. This is the correct option because it accurately reflects the historical timeline of when the vaccine was added to the national immunization program. Option B) is incorrect because the first dose of the vaccine is not typically given at 3 months in the UK; rather, it is usually administered later in infancy. Option C) is incorrect because the age range mentioned for receiving the vaccine is not accurate. Option D) is incorrect as it contains inaccurate information about the timing of vaccine administration in the UK primary vaccination schedule. Educationally, understanding the correct introduction date of vaccines is crucial for healthcare professionals as it impacts their knowledge of vaccination schedules and recommendations. This knowledge is vital for ensuring proper immunization of individuals and populations against meningococcal disease. It also highlights the importance of staying up-to-date with current immunization guidelines to provide effective healthcare interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Fever >38° and irritability in children under 10 with 4CMenB vaccine Bexsero. This adverse reaction is recognized for the 4CMenB vaccine and is an important consideration for healthcare providers and parents to monitor post-vaccination. Option A is incorrect because a fever >39.5° is not a recognized adverse reaction to the Hib/Men C conjugate vaccine. Option B is incorrect as atopic dermatitis is not a common adverse reaction following MenC/Hib combined vaccine. Option C is also incorrect as impaired sleep is not a recognized adverse reaction to the MenC conjugate vaccine. Understanding adverse reactions to vaccines is crucial in healthcare to ensure proper monitoring, management, and education for patients. Recognizing and differentiating between common and serious adverse reactions helps healthcare providers in providing safe and effective care. In the case of meningococcal vaccines, being aware of the specific adverse reactions associated with each vaccine type is essential for promoting vaccine safety and compliance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Infections are at their peak in the winter months. This is true because pneumococcal infections tend to increase during colder seasons, especially in winter, due to factors like close indoor contact, weakened immune systems, and dry air which can make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. Option A is incorrect because the majority of infections in adults and children are caused by more than 10 capsular types of pneumococcus, not just up to 10. Pneumococcus has over 90 capsular serotypes known to cause infections. Option B is incorrect as the incubation period for pneumococcal infections is typically shorter, ranging from 1 to 3 days, not 7-10 days. This short incubation period contributes to the rapid spread of the infection. Option C is incorrect as pneumococcal infections are not commonly transmitted after transient contact with a case. The transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets from an infected person through coughing, sneezing, or close contact over an extended period. In an educational context, understanding the seasonality and transmission patterns of pneumococcal infections is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially during peak seasons when preventive measures like vaccinations and proper infection control practices should be emphasized to reduce the spread of the disease. This knowledge helps in effectively managing and preventing pneumococcal infections in both clinical and community settings.