The following IPC indicators are an outcome measure:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Outcome measures reflect the end result of interventions, such as the HAI rate, which directly indicates infection occurrence. Vaccination rates (A), hand hygiene compliance (C), and antibiotic prophylaxis timing (D) are process measures that influence outcomes but are not outcomes themselves.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Outbreaks are typically recognized through reports from clinicians or labs noting an unusual increase in disease frequency, which is more immediate and specific than periodic surveys (A), media reports (B), or annual data analysis (D).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Immediate control measures focus on reinforcing IPC practices (e.g., hand hygiene, isolation) to limit spread, while team formation (A), case definition (B), and alerting others (C) are preparatory steps.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The IPC practitioner’s role is to coordinate IPC policy evaluation and implement control measures, leveraging their expertise, rather than acting as spokesperson (A), leading the team (C), or providing direct care (D).