The following helminthic disease can be treated by albendazole but not by mebendazole

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of chemotherapy drugs, the correct answer is D) Neurocysticercosis. Albendazole is effective in treating neurocysticercosis, which is caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm. Mebendazole, on the other hand, is not as effective in treating neurocysticercosis due to its limited penetration into the central nervous system. A) Hookworm infestation is typically treated with both albendazole and mebendazole, so this option is incorrect. B) Threadworm infestation, also known as pinworm infection, is commonly treated with mebendazole rather than albendazole. Therefore, this option is incorrect. C) Trichuriasis, caused by whipworm infection, can be effectively treated with both albendazole and mebendazole, making this option incorrect. Educationally, understanding the specific indications and effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs for different parasitic infections is crucial for healthcare professionals. This knowledge ensures appropriate treatment selection based on the type of infection, contributing to better patient outcomes and preventing drug resistance. Understanding the nuances between drugs like albendazole and mebendazole in treating parasitic diseases is essential for clinical practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of chemotherapy drugs for tuberculosis treatment, the correct answer is B) Cycloserine, as it is not a first-line anti-tuberculous drug. First-line drugs are the primary medications used to treat tuberculosis due to their efficacy and safety profile. Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Ethambutol are all considered first-line drugs for tuberculosis treatment. Isoniazid is a key first-line drug that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifampicin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in the bacteria, making it another essential first-line drug. Ethambutol works by disrupting the synthesis of the cell wall, making it an effective first-line drug. Cycloserine is considered a second-line drug for tuberculosis treatment due to its potential side effects and the emergence of resistance when used as a first-line treatment. It is typically reserved for cases where first-line drugs have failed or in the presence of drug-resistant strains. In an educational context, understanding the distinction between first-line and second-line drugs in tuberculosis treatment is crucial for healthcare professionals managing patients with tuberculosis. Knowing the mechanisms of action and appropriate use of each drug helps in providing effective treatment while minimizing the development of drug resistance. This knowledge is essential for clinical decision-making and ensuring positive patient outcomes in tuberculosis management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of chemotherapy drugs, it is crucial for students to have a clear understanding of different classes of medications and their mechanisms of action. In this question, the correct answer is C) Miconazol. Miconazole is an antifungal drug that belongs to the azole class of antifungals. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. While it is effective against a variety of fungal infections, it is not an antibiotic. Antibiotics are medications that specifically target bacteria, not fungi. A) Amphotericin B and B) Nystatin are both antifungal drugs that belong to the polyene class. They work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to cell membrane disruption and fungal cell death. These drugs are not antibiotics but are used to treat fungal infections. D) Griseofulvin is another antifungal drug, but it belongs to the class of antifungals known as griseofulvins. Griseofulvin works by disrupting the formation of the fungal cell wall, leading to inhibition of fungal growth. Like the other antifungal drugs mentioned, it is not an antibiotic. Understanding the differences between antibiotics and antifungal drugs is essential in clinical practice to ensure appropriate treatment selection for patients with specific infections. This question reinforces the importance of pharmacological knowledge and highlights the diversity of drug classes within the realm of chemotherapy medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to the question, "Which of the following drugs alters permeability of Candida cell membranes?" is option C) Nystatin. Nystatin is an antifungal medication that works by binding to ergosterol in the cell membrane of Candida species, disrupting the membrane structure and altering its permeability. This leads to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately cell death. Nystatin is commonly used to treat fungal infections caused by Candida, such as oral thrush or vaginal yeast infections. Option A) Amphotericin B is also an antifungal medication that works by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, similar to nystatin. However, amphotericin B is more commonly used for systemic fungal infections rather than Candida-specific infections. Option B) Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis in the fungal cell membrane, rather than directly altering membrane permeability like nystatin. Educational Context: Understanding how antifungal medications work is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those involved in the treatment of fungal infections. Knowing the mechanisms of action of drugs like nystatin can help in selecting the most appropriate treatment for specific fungal infections. Additionally, recognizing the differences between various antifungal drugs can aid in optimizing therapeutic outcomes and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Isoniazid is a key drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The correct answer is B) Inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis. Mycolic acids are unique fatty acids found in the cell walls of mycobacteria, including the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis. Isoniazid works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, disrupting the formation of the bacterial cell wall and ultimately leading to cell death. Option A) Inhibition of protein synthesis is incorrect because isoniazid does not target protein synthesis directly. Option C) Inhibition of RNA synthesis is also incorrect as isoniazid does not interfere with RNA synthesis. Option D) Inhibition of ADP synthesis is not a mechanism of action for isoniazid. In an educational context, understanding the mechanism of action of chemotherapy drugs like isoniazid is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively treat patients with tuberculosis. Knowing how isoniazid works helps in rational prescribing, monitoring for efficacy, and managing potential side effects. This knowledge also contributes to the broader understanding of antimicrobial resistance and the importance of adherence to treatment protocols.