The following favour a non-organic (psychological) cause of abdominal pain:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the factors that contribute to abdominal pain is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this question, option A is the correct answer because a two-year history of abdominal pain suggests a chronic, ongoing issue that is more likely to have a non-organic, psychological cause, such as somatic symptom disorder or functional abdominal pain. This points towards a psychosocial etiology rather than a purely organic one. Option B, a family history of peptic ulcer, is a distractor as it suggests a potential organic cause related to genetics or lifestyle factors. Option C, a family history of migraine, is also a distractor as migraines are neurological in nature and typically not associated with abdominal pain. Option D, absence from school, is another distractor as it may indicate avoidance behavior due to organic causes like gastrointestinal issues. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of considering both organic and non-organic causes of abdominal pain in pediatric patients. By recognizing the significance of a prolonged history of symptoms, nurses can collaborate with healthcare providers to conduct a comprehensive assessment and develop a holistic care plan that addresses the physical and psychological aspects of the child's condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In a chronic carrier of Hepatitis B, biochemical abnormalities can provide important diagnostic information. The correct answer, option A (Raised AST - aspartate aminotransferase), is indicative of liver inflammation or damage, which is commonly seen in hepatitis B infection. AST is an enzyme found in high levels in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues, and elevated levels in the blood indicate liver cell damage, making it a key marker in assessing liver health in hepatitis B patients. Option B (Low serum albumin) is not typically associated with hepatitis B infection. Low serum albumin levels are more commonly seen in conditions affecting protein synthesis or liver function over a longer period of time, rather than in acute or chronic hepatitis B infection. Option C (Raised gamma GT - gamma-glutamyl transferase) is not a specific marker for hepatitis B infection. Elevated levels of gamma GT can be seen in various liver and biliary tract diseases, but it is not a primary marker for hepatitis B infection. Option D (Raised transferrin) is also not a typical marker for hepatitis B infection. Transferrin is a protein involved in iron transport, and elevated levels are more commonly associated with iron overload conditions rather than hepatitis B infection. To provide educational context, it is important for nursing students specializing in pediatric cardiovascular disorders to understand the significance of biochemical markers in liver function tests, especially in the context of chronic viral infections like hepatitis B. Understanding these markers can aid in diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and assessing treatment efficacy in pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the causes of short stature is crucial for providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, option A, states that steroids at a dose of >2 mg/kg for 4 weeks can lead to short stature. This is accurate because prolonged use of high-dose steroids, such as prednisone, can suppress growth by affecting bone growth plates and overall growth hormone production, resulting in short stature. Option B, osteogenesis imperfecta, is a genetic disorder characterized by fragile bones and not typically associated with short stature as its primary feature. Option C, hypochondroplasia, is a form of dwarfism characterized by short stature but is not caused by steroid use. Option D, Morquio syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skeletal system but is not directly linked to steroid-induced short stature. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the adverse effects of medications, like steroids, commonly used in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. It emphasizes the need for nurses to monitor and assess for potential side effects, such as short stature, to provide holistic care to pediatric patients. By knowing the specific causes of short stature, nurses can advocate for appropriate medication management and collaborate with healthcare teams to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding common pediatric cardiovascular disorders is essential for nursing practice. The correct answer is B) Migraine. Recurrent headaches in childhood are often associated with migraines due to their episodic nature, which can be triggered by various factors such as stress, lack of sleep, certain foods, or hormonal changes. Migraines have specific characteristics like throbbing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, which are common in children experiencing recurrent headaches. Option A) Tension headaches are less likely in children and are more common in adults due to stress or musculoskeletal issues. Sinusitis (Option C) typically presents with symptoms like facial pain, nasal congestion, and fever, rather than recurrent headaches. Hypermetropia (Option D), or farsightedness, is a refractive error of the eye and is not directly linked to recurrent headaches. Educationally, it is important for nurses to recognize the different types of headaches in children to provide appropriate care and management. Understanding the specific characteristics and triggers of migraines can help nurses differentiate them from other types of headaches and ensure proper treatment and support for pediatric patients experiencing recurrent headaches.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric patients with severe falciparum malaria, uncommon complications can arise, such as a stroke. The correct answer is A) Stroke. This is due to the potential for cerebral malaria, which can lead to impaired consciousness, seizures, and potentially stroke-like symptoms. Understanding this complication is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with malaria, as prompt recognition and intervention are vital in preventing serious neurological consequences. Option B) Anemia is a common complication of malaria, especially in pediatric patients, but it is not considered an uncommon complication. Anemia occurs due to the destruction of red blood cells by the malaria parasite. Option C) Hepatitis is not a typical complication of severe falciparum malaria in pediatric patients. While liver dysfunction can occur in malaria, it is usually due to the direct effects of the parasite on the liver rather than hepatitis. Option D) Jaundice is also not an uncommon complication of severe falciparum malaria in pediatric patients. Jaundice typically results from the breakdown of red blood cells and liver dysfunction, but it is not a distinctive feature of severe malaria. Educationally, understanding the potential complications of severe falciparum malaria in pediatric patients is essential for nurses working in regions where malaria is endemic. Recognizing these complications early can help in providing appropriate care and improving patient outcomes. It is crucial to differentiate between common and uncommon complications to ensure timely and effective management.