The following factors pose a risk for poor academic performance of premature infants EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors affecting premature infants' academic performance is crucial for providing optimal care and support. In this question, the correct answer is C) antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate. The rationale for C being the correct answer lies in the fact that antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate is actually a neuroprotective intervention used to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Therefore, it would not pose a risk for poor academic performance. Birthweight below 750 g (option A) is a significant risk factor for poor academic performance in premature infants due to associated complications such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and developmental delays. Periventricular leukomalacia (option B) is a condition characterized by damage to the white matter of the brain, commonly seen in premature infants, which can lead to motor and cognitive impairments affecting academic performance. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (option D) is a complication of intraventricular hemorrhage, which can result in increased intracranial pressure and cognitive deficits, impacting academic performance. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors affecting premature infants' academic outcomes and the impact of various neonatal complications on long-term development. Nurses must be aware of these factors to provide comprehensive care and support to premature infants and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the treatment of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), methylxanthines such as caffeine are commonly used due to their respiratory stimulant effects. The correct answer, option D, states that methylxanthines do not increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This is accurate because methylxanthines actually have a vasodilatory effect on the pulmonary vasculature, reducing PVR. Option A, increasing respiratory drive, is a known effect of methylxanthines. They stimulate the central nervous system, leading to an increase in respiratory rate and depth. Option B, decreasing apnea, is also a well-documented effect of methylxanthines as they help in reducing the incidence of apnea of prematurity in infants. Option C, improving diaphragmatic contractility, is not directly related to the effects of methylxanthines. While these medications primarily work by stimulating the respiratory centers in the brain, they do not have a direct effect on diaphragmatic contractility. In an educational context, understanding the effects of medications used in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as BPD is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows for safe and effective administration of these drugs, as well as monitoring for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions. This knowledge helps nurses provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients with respiratory issues and ensures optimal outcomes for these vulnerable populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors associated with significant jaundice is crucial for providing safe and effective care to newborns. In this question, the correct answer is B) male gender. Male gender is not a protective factor against significant jaundice. In fact, male infants are at a higher risk for developing jaundice compared to female infants due to differences in liver function and metabolism of bilirubin. Option A) gestational age ≥41 weeks is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as full-term infants have a more mature liver function, which helps in processing bilirubin effectively. Option C) exclusive bottle-feeding is a risk factor for significant jaundice as breastfed infants are less likely to develop jaundice due to the composition of breast milk and better feeding practices. Option D) discharge from the hospital after 72 hours is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as it allows for proper monitoring of bilirubin levels and ensures timely intervention if needed before discharge. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors for significant jaundice in newborns and emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment and management strategies to prevent adverse outcomes related to jaundice. Nurses must be able to identify these risk factors and provide appropriate care and education to parents to promote the health and well-being of newborns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question on pediatric nursing related to abnormally short cords, the correct answer is option A) Fetal hypotonia. Abnormally short cords are associated with fetal hypotonia because the lack of movement and muscle tone in the fetus can lead to decreased fetal activity which in turn may result in a shorter cord. Option B) Wrapping around fetal parts is incorrect because this is actually a common cause of fetal distress and complications during labor and delivery. When the cord wraps around the fetal parts, it can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the fetus. Option C) Uterine constraint is incorrect as well because this can also contribute to complications during labor and delivery but is not directly related to the length of the umbilical cord. Option D) Oligohydramnios is incorrect as it refers to decreased amniotic fluid levels which can also impact fetal well-being but is not directly related to the length of the umbilical cord. In an educational context, understanding the implications of abnormally short cords is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for infants and children. Recognizing the factors associated with abnormal cord length can help nurses identify potential risks and provide appropriate care and interventions to ensure optimal outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Intrapartum antibiotics are administered to pregnant women during labor to prevent the transmission of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) to the newborn, which can lead to serious infections. The correct answer, option D, "Reduce the rates of late-onset GBS disease," is the most accurate statement regarding the use of intrapartum antibiotics. Administering antibiotics during labor has been shown to decrease the incidence of late-onset GBS disease, which occurs in newborns after the first week of life. Option A, "Reduce vertical transmission of GBS," is incorrect because intrapartum antibiotics aim to prevent the transmission during labor, not before birth. Option B, "Lessen neonatal morbidity after preterm rupture of membranes," is also incorrect as antibiotics in this context are primarily focused on GBS prevention rather than addressing preterm rupture of membranes. Option C, "Prevent perinatal transmission of GBS," is not the best choice as it is too broad and does not specifically address the impact on late-onset GBS disease. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind administering intrapartum antibiotics is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide evidence-based care to pregnant women and newborns. By knowing the specific benefits of this intervention, nurses can effectively advocate for its use to promote the health and well-being of infants. It is essential for nurses to stay updated on current guidelines and recommendations regarding intrapartum antibiotic use to provide safe and quality care to pediatric patients.