The following drugs are used in resuscitation Except:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the medications used in resuscitation is crucial for providing effective care to critically ill children. In this question, the correct answer is D) Digitalis. Digitalis, also known as Digoxin, is not typically used in pediatric resuscitation. It is primarily used in the treatment of heart failure and certain arrhythmias but is not a medication administered during immediate resuscitation efforts. A) Atropine is used in pediatric resuscitation to treat symptomatic bradycardia. B) Bicarbonate may be used in resuscitation for acidosis correction. C) Epinephrine is a key medication in pediatric resuscitation for treating cardiac arrest and severe allergic reactions. Educationally, knowing the appropriate medications for pediatric resuscitation scenarios is essential for nurses working in a variety of settings, including emergency departments, pediatric intensive care units, and general pediatric wards. Understanding the indications, doses, and potential side effects of these medications is critical for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients in emergency situations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding prognostic criteria for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is D) Anemia. Anemia is a poor prognostic criterion for ALL because it indicates more advanced disease, bone marrow involvement, and potential treatment complications. Anemia can lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates in children with ALL. Option A) Leukocytes 2000/mm³ is not a bad prognostic criterion for ALL. While low leukocyte counts may indicate a less aggressive form of the disease, it is not as strongly associated with poor outcomes as anemia. Option B) Age 5 years is not a bad prognostic criterion either. While age can impact treatment response, being 5 years old alone does not indicate a poor prognosis. Option C) White race is not a prognostic criterion for ALL. Race should not be used as a predictor of outcomes in pediatric leukemia cases. It is important to avoid assumptions based on race in healthcare as it can perpetuate disparities in treatment and outcomes. In an educational context, understanding prognostic criteria for ALL helps nurses tailor care plans, anticipate complications, and educate families about the disease course. By knowing which factors indicate a poorer prognosis, healthcare providers can better support children and their families through the treatment process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question on Hodgkin's disease, the correct answer is option C: Extra-lymphatic spread is common. This is because Hodgkin's disease typically spreads from one group of lymph nodes to another in an orderly manner, unlike Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which can spread unpredictably. Therefore, extra-lymphatic spread is less common in Hodgkin's disease. Option A, that Hodgkin's disease is less common than Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is incorrect. Hodgkin's disease is actually rarer than Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Option B, stating that the most common site of Hodgkin's disease is the cervical lymph nodes, is incorrect. Hodgkin's disease commonly presents in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Option D, suggesting that Hodgkin's disease is related to Epstein-Barr virus infection, is incorrect. While some cases of Hodgkin's disease may be associated with Epstein-Barr virus, this is not a defining characteristic of the disease. Understanding these nuances is crucial in pediatric nursing practice as it helps in accurate diagnosis, treatment, and patient education. Knowing the differences between Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can guide healthcare providers in providing optimal care to pediatric patients with these conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Acute Leukemia, leukocytosis greater than 50,000 /cm is a bad prognostic criterion because it indicates a high tumor burden and aggressive disease progression. Elevated white blood cell counts contribute to complications and poorer outcomes in leukemia patients. Option A (Age more than 2 years) is not a bad prognostic criterion as age alone does not determine the prognosis in acute leukemia. Pediatric patients of varying ages can respond differently to treatment. Option C (No mediastinal mass) is not a bad prognostic criterion as the presence or absence of a mediastinal mass does not directly correlate with prognosis in acute leukemia. Option D (No CNS manifestations) is not a bad prognostic criterion as the absence of central nervous system (CNS) manifestations does not necessarily dictate the disease outcome in acute leukemia. Educationally, understanding prognostic criteria in pediatric leukemia is crucial for nurses caring for these patients. Recognizing these factors helps in early identification of high-risk patients, guiding treatment decisions, and providing appropriate support to optimize outcomes. Leukocytosis is a significant factor to monitor closely in pediatric leukemia cases due to its impact on disease progression and treatment response.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for assessing a child's growth and well-being. The correct answer, option C) 11 to 12 months, aligns with the typical age range at which most infants develop the strength and coordination to pull themselves to a standing position. At this stage, infants have usually developed sufficient muscle strength and balance to support themselves in an upright position. Option A) 6 months is too early for most infants to achieve this milestone as they are still developing their gross motor skills and muscle strength. Option B) 8 months is also premature for this milestone, as infants at this age are typically focused on mastering sitting and crawling. Option D) 14 to 15 months is too late for pulling to a standing position, as most infants would have already achieved this milestone by the age of 12 months. Educationally, understanding these developmental timelines helps nurses and healthcare providers identify any potential delays or issues in a child's development. It also allows for appropriate anticipatory guidance to be provided to parents regarding what to expect as their child grows and develops. By recognizing these milestones, nurses can offer early interventions or referrals if necessary, promoting optimal health and development in pediatric patients.