The following are recognised features of achondroplasia:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of achondroplasia, the correct answer is C) Can be diagnosed radiologically at birth. Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal bone growth leading to dwarfism. It can be diagnosed through radiological imaging due to distinct skeletal abnormalities present at birth, such as shortened limbs and a prominent forehead. Option A) Shortened spine is incorrect because achondroplasia primarily affects the limbs, resulting in disproportionately short arms and legs, rather than the spine itself. Option B) Increased liability to pathological fractures is incorrect as achondroplasia does not inherently predispose individuals to fractures; the primary concern is related to skeletal deformities and complications from abnormal bone growth. Option D) Infertility is incorrect as achondroplasia does not affect reproductive capabilities; individuals with achondroplasia can have children without fertility issues. Understanding the diagnostic features of achondroplasia is crucial in pediatric nursing practice to facilitate early identification and appropriate management of the condition. This knowledge helps healthcare professionals provide comprehensive care and support to children and families affected by achondroplasia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) A previous sibling with anencephaly. This is associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities due to the potential presence of genetic factors or environmental influences that may predispose the current fetus to similar abnormalities. Anencephaly is a serious neural tube defect that can have a genetic component, increasing the likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Option A, Oligohydramnios, is a condition characterized by a decreased amniotic fluid volume and is not directly linked to an increased risk of fetal abnormalities. It may indicate an issue with fetal well-being but is not a direct cause of abnormalities. Option C, Paternal diabetes, can contribute to an increased risk of certain fetal abnormalities such as macrosomia and congenital heart defects. However, in the context of the question, it is not specifically associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities in the same way as a previous sibling with anencephaly. Option D, Decreased alpha-fetoprotein level, is not typically associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities. In fact, low levels of alpha-fetoprotein are more commonly linked to conditions such as Down syndrome. In an educational context, understanding the factors that can contribute to fetal abnormalities is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in prenatal care and genetic counseling. Recognizing the significance of a previous sibling with specific abnormalities can help guide appropriate monitoring and intervention to optimize outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. This knowledge can also inform discussions with families about potential risks and options for future pregnancies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants, early features of heart failure can present differently compared to adults. The correct answer is C) Tachypnea. This is because infants with heart failure often exhibit rapid breathing as the heart struggles to pump effectively, leading to inadequate oxygenation and increased respiratory rate. Option A) Bradycardia is incorrect because in heart failure, the heart typically compensates by increasing the heart rate, resulting in tachycardia rather than bradycardia. Option B) Edema is a common sign of heart failure but typically presents later in the progression of the condition, especially in the lower extremities. Option D) Hepatomegaly is also a common finding in heart failure due to congestion in the liver's blood vessels, but it usually develops as the condition progresses rather than being an early feature. Educationally, understanding the early signs of heart failure in infants is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide timely and appropriate care. Recognizing tachypnea in infants can prompt further assessment and intervention to prevent worsening of the condition and improve outcomes. It is essential for nurses to be knowledgeable about pediatric cardiovascular conditions to deliver safe and effective care to this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Wilson's disease, the correct answer is D) There are copper deposits on the cornea. This is known as Kayser-Fleischer rings and is a key clinical manifestation of the disease. These rings result from copper accumulation in Descemet's membrane of the cornea due to impaired copper excretion. Option A) There is an association with high caeruloplasmin levels is incorrect because Wilson's disease is characterized by low caeruloplasmin levels due to impaired copper incorporation into this protein. Option B) Hepatic copper deposition is pathognomonic is incorrect because while hepatic copper accumulation is a hallmark of Wilson's disease, it is not pathognomonic as it can also occur in other conditions like primary biliary cirrhosis. Option C) There is increased urinary excretion of copper is incorrect because Wilson's disease actually leads to decreased urinary excretion of copper due to impaired hepatocyte excretion. Educationally, understanding these nuances is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with Wilson's disease. Recognizing the unique clinical manifestations and diagnostic features of this condition is essential for prompt identification and management to prevent serious complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of hypothyroidism in children, the correct option is B) Levothyroxine should be used. Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism in children because it provides the necessary hormone replacement to restore thyroid hormone levels to normal. Option A) Levodopa is not the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. Levodopa is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, not thyroid disorders. Option C) Triiodothyronine is not the first-line treatment for hypothyroidism in children. While triiodothyronine is a thyroid hormone, levothyroxine is preferred due to its longer half-life and more stable levels in the blood. Option D) Carbimazole is not indicated for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Carbimazole is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism to reduce the production of thyroid hormones. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate treatment for hypothyroidism in children is crucial for pediatric nurses. Administering the correct medication, such as levothyroxine, ensures optimal management of the condition and helps prevent complications associated with untreated hypothyroidism, such as growth and developmental delays. Nurses must be knowledgeable about pediatric pharmacology to provide safe and effective care to their young patients.