The following are psychological defense mechanisms except:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Derealization , but note a potential error Egression is likely meant as its not a standard mechanism. Assuming Egression is a typo for a non-mechanism, Ill assess C. Derealization feeling reality is unreal is a dissociative symptom, not a classic Freudian defense mechanism. Choice A (repression) buriunwanted thoughts; B (if intended as regression) reverts to childish behavior; D (reaction formation) flips impuls(e.g., hate to love); E (rationalization) justifiactions. Cs dissociative nature contrasts with the ego-protective mechanisms of A, B, D, E. If B is a typo, its the intended answer, but per the list, C is technically correct as a non-mechanism, per psychoanalytic standards.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rapid shift of light-dark cycle affects circadian rhythm . Jet lag or shift work disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) clock, per chronobiology. Choice A is false; optic tract lesions impair light input but dont abolish rhythm (SCN persists). Choice B is incorrect; hibernation is seasonal, not circadian. Choice D is wrong; SCN lesions disrupt rhythm, per lesion studies. is false; circadian rhythm regulathomeostasis (e.g., sleep). Cs truth rapid shifts cause desynchrony, evident in travel fatigue makes itthe correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Increasing biogenic aminin the brain . Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, MAOIs) boost serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, enhancing mood, per psychopharmacology. Choice A is false; depleting acetylcholine/GABA isnt their mechanism. Choice B is incorrect; glutamate isnt targeted serotonin risin raphe nuclei. Choice D is wrong; dopamine isnt decreased (e.g., bupropion increasit). is false; 5-HT (serotonin) is increased, not depleted. Cs truth biogenic amine elevation, as in SSRI action contrasts with the irrelevant or opposite effects of A, B, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Internal conflict and unconscious desir. Freuds psychoanalytic theory emphasizunconscious driv(e.g., id vs. ego) and conflicts shaping behavior. Choice A (biology/genetics) aligns with biological psychology. Choice C (self-esteem/self-actualization) fits humanistic theory (Rogers/Maslow). Choice D (rewards/punishment) is behaviorism (Skinner). (sensation/perception) is cognitive psychology. Bs truth unconscious focus, evident in psychoanalysis (e.g., dream analysis) contrasts with the external or conscious foci of A, C, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Its nicotinic receptors are antagonized by atropine , which is false. Atropine blocks muscarinic, not nicotinic, receptors; nicotinic antagonists include curare. Choice A is true; acetylcholine is synthesized from choline/acetyl-CoA in terminals. Choice B is correct; the nucleus basalis is a key cholinergic source. Choice C is accurate; it binds both receptor types. is true; cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil) treat Alzheimers. Ds error atropinspecificity contrasts with the biochemical truths of A-C, E, making it the exception and correct answer.