The following are potent vasoconstrictors:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding pharmacology is crucial when managing cardiovascular disorders. The correct answer is A) Renin. Renin is a potent vasoconstrictor as it initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Option B) Angiotensin I is incorrect as it is a precursor to angiotensin II and does not possess vasoconstrictive properties. Option C) Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator, not a vasoconstrictor, playing a key role in regulating vascular tone. Option D) PGI2 (prostacyclin) is also a vasodilator and an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, exerting opposite effects to vasoconstriction. Educationally, grasping the mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilation is vital for managing pediatric cardiovascular conditions. Knowing the actions of specific vasoactive substances helps in selecting appropriate pharmacological interventions to stabilize hemodynamics in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the most common type of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), which is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the correct answer is D) 17-OH progesterone is increased. This is because 21-hydroxylase is essential for cortisol production, and its deficiency leads to a build-up of precursors like 17-OH progesterone, resulting in the characteristic hormonal imbalances seen in CAH. Option A) Autosomal dominant transmission occurs is incorrect because CAH is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning two copies of the defective gene are needed for the condition to manifest. Option B) II -Hydroxylase is deficient is incorrect as II-hydroxylase deficiency is a different subtype of CAH, not the most common type. Option C) Hypertension is seen is incorrect because although hypertension can be a complication of CAH due to mineralocorticoid deficiency, it is not a defining feature of the most common type of CAH. Understanding the specifics of CAH subtypes and their associated biochemical abnormalities is crucial in pediatric nursing, especially when managing patients with endocrine disorders. Recognizing the correct diagnostic markers like elevated 17-OH progesterone levels in 21-hydroxylase deficiency is vital for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment interventions in pediatric patients with CAH.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is crucial. The correct answer is "D) Easy scarring" because one of the recognized features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is skin hyperextensibility and easy bruising, leading to characteristic scarring. This is due to abnormalities in collagen synthesis and structure, which are hallmark features of the syndrome. Option A, "Mutation in fibrillin gene," is incorrect because that is associated with Marfan syndrome, not Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Short stature, option B, is not a typical feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which primarily affects connective tissue integrity, not necessarily growth. Keratoconus, option C, is a condition involving the cornea and is not directly related to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing key clinical features of genetic disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in pediatric patients. Understanding these distinctions can aid in early identification, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for children with such conditions. Nurses must be equipped with this knowledge to provide comprehensive care and support to pediatric patients and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of Mycoplasma infection is crucial for providing quality care. The correct answer is B) Haemolytic anaemia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can lead to the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells, causing anemia. This is a well-documented complication associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option A) Thrombocytopenia is incorrect because while infections can sometimes lead to decreased platelet count, thrombocytopenia is not a frequent complication specifically associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option C) Cardiac conduction defects are not commonly seen as complications of Mycoplasma infection in the pediatric population. These defects are more commonly associated with other cardiac conditions or infections. Option D) Pleural effusion is also not a typical complication of Mycoplasma infection. Pleural effusion is more commonly seen in conditions like pneumonia or congestive heart failure. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the varied complications that can arise from specific infections in pediatric patients. It reinforces the need for nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of how different pathogens can impact various body systems, guiding their assessment and intervention strategies in pediatric cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the common presenting features of myotonic dystrophy is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, option D) Macro-orchidism, is associated with myotonic dystrophy, a genetic disorder characterized by muscle weakness and myotonia. Macro-orchidism refers to abnormally large testes, which is a key clinical feature seen in males with myotonic dystrophy due to testicular atrophy and fibrosis. Option A) Floppy infant is incorrect because it is typically seen in conditions like hypotonia or muscular dystrophy, but not specifically in myotonic dystrophy. Option B) Corneal opacities are not a common feature of myotonic dystrophy, although they can be seen in other ocular conditions. Option C) Frontal baldness is also not a characteristic feature of myotonic dystrophy. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of recognizing key clinical manifestations of genetic disorders like myotonic dystrophy in pediatric patients. By understanding these specific features, nurses can assist in early identification, management, and referral for appropriate interventions to optimize patient outcomes.