The following are features of encephalitis:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding encephalitis is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is D) Herpes simplex encephalitis predominantly affects the temporal lobe. This is because herpes simplex encephalitis commonly presents with temporal lobe involvement, leading to symptoms like altered mental status and focal neurologic deficits. Option A) is incorrect because herpes simplex encephalitis actually has a poor prognosis if not promptly treated with antiviral medications. Option B) is incorrect as Varicella zoster virus encephalitis typically affects the frontal and temporal lobes, not predominantly cerebellar. Option C) is incorrect as mumps encephalitis is associated with complications like aseptic meningitis but not typically unilateral nerve deafness. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of different types of encephalitis is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the unique features of each type can aid in early identification, appropriate treatment, and better outcomes for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding pharmacological principles is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In the context of cardiovascular disorders, it is important to be aware of potential side effects of medications. The correct answer is B) Salbutamol. Salbutamol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist commonly used to treat bronchoconstriction in conditions like asthma. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, which helps to alleviate bronchoconstriction and improve breathing. A) Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure. While it can cause side effects like cough and angioedema, bronchoconstriction is not a recognized side effect. C) Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for pain and inflammation. Bronchoconstriction is not a common side effect of ibuprofen. D) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a medication used for pain and fever. It is not known to cause bronchoconstriction. Educationally, understanding the specific side effects of medications is vital for pediatric nurses to provide safe care to their patients. Recognizing potential adverse reactions allows for prompt intervention and prevention of complications, ensuring the well-being of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the causes of methaemoglobinaemia is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Methaemoglobinaemia is a condition where the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized, leading to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity. In this case, the correct answer is D) Nitrates. Nitrates are known to induce methaemoglobinaemia, especially in infants who are more susceptible due to lower levels of the enzyme needed to metabolize nitrates. Option A) Paraquat is a herbicide that can cause severe toxicity but is not typically associated with methaemoglobinaemia. Option B) Methylene blue is actually used as an antidote for methaemoglobinaemia due to its ability to convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. Option C) Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent but is not a common cause of methaemoglobinaemia. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of medication safety and the need for nurses to be aware of potential adverse effects of commonly used substances, especially in the pediatric population. Understanding the mechanisms of methaemoglobinaemia and its causes is essential for early recognition and appropriate intervention to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Congenital toxoplasmosis is a condition caused by the transmission of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Chorioretinitis, which is inflammation of the choroid and retina in the eye, is a well-known manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis. This occurs due to the spread of the parasite to the eyes of the developing fetus, leading to visual impairment or blindness if left untreated. Option A, microcephaly, is a condition characterized by an abnormally small head and brain, often associated with Zika virus infection rather than toxoplasmosis. Option C, sore throat, is a non-specific symptom and not a typical presentation of congenital toxoplasmosis. Option D, sacroileitis, refers to inflammation in the sacroiliac joints, which is not a known complication of congenital toxoplasmosis. Educational Context: Understanding the manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for infants and children affected by this condition. Recognizing the signs and symptoms can lead to early detection and appropriate interventions to prevent long-term complications, such as visual impairments. By learning to differentiate between various associated conditions, healthcare professionals can provide optimal care and support to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In protein energy malnutrition, such as kwashiorkor or marasmus, the correct answer is A) Albumin is typically low. Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver and its levels decrease in malnutrition due to inadequate protein intake. This leads to hypoalbuminemia which can contribute to edema and impaired immune function. Option B) RT3 levels are decreased is incorrect as reverse T3 levels are actually increased in protein energy malnutrition. Option C) There is increased reaction to tuberculin testing is incorrect as malnourished individuals may have a decreased response to skin testing due to weakened immune function. Option D) Fatty liver is a recognized finding is incorrect as fatty liver is more commonly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome rather than protein energy malnutrition. Educationally, understanding the biochemical and physiological changes that occur in protein energy malnutrition is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders, as malnutrition can significantly impact a child's overall health and recovery. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of malnutrition, such as low albumin levels, can prompt early intervention and improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.