The first line medical treatment for prevention of Cystine stones is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Increasing cystine solubility (e.g., via alkalinization, fluids) is first-line for cystine stones raises pH above 7, reducing precipitation. Acidification worsens solubility opposite effect. Lowering sodium aids calcium stones, not cystine irrelevant. Intestinal binding isn't a strategy cystine is renal. Solubility enhancement distinguishes cystine prevention, key to managing this genetic defect, unlike counterproductive, unrelated, or non-existent approaches.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: L-Arginine is the substrate for NOS converted to nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline, key for vasodilation (e.g., erection). Citrulline is a product, not substrate resultant. Cyclic AMP/GMP are second messengers, not NOS inputs downstream. Arginine's conversion distinguishes it, critical for NO production, unlike products or signaling molecules.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Delayed imaging assesses pelvicalyceal integrity (e.g., urine leak) in stable deep lacerations guides conservative vs. intervention. Open repair risks unnecessary surgery stability favors watching. Embolization suits vascular injury, not parenchymal mismatch. Nephrectomy is extreme preservation priority. Delayed imaging distinguishes it, key to defining injury extent, unlike premature or radical steps.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sacral neuromodulation treats urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence modulates sacral nerves (S3) for bladder control. Interstitial cystitis (IC) isn't a standard indication pain-focused, variable response, not primary use. Urgency/frequency tie to overactivity responsive. Urge incontinence is core strong evidence. IC's exclusion distinguishes it, critical for neuromodulation's scope, unlike included overactive symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Spermatocytic seminoma lacks lymphocyte infiltration unlike classic seminoma, it's stroma-poor. Glycogen-negative true, lacks storage. PLAP-negative correct, not embryonal marker. Round nuclei accurate, typical feature. Absent lymphocytes distinguish it, key to its unique histopathology (older men, benign), unlike glycogen, PLAP, or nuclear truths.