The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Collecting ducts fine-tune water via ADH not PCT (bulk), ascending loop (impermeable), or DCT (less). This locates regulation, critical for urine concentration, contrasting with bulk sites.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oliguria is low urine output (<400 mL/day) not pyuria (pus), enuresis (incontinence), or diuresis (excess). This defines reduced flow, critical for renal assessment, contrasting with other terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Kidneys release EPO, renin, and activate vitamin D not vitamin E (dietary). This corrects renal functions, critical for physiology, contrasting with nutritional roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ANP inhibits aldosterone/ADH, reducing water/Na+ reabsorption all apply. This defines natriuretic effect, key for volume reduction, contrasting with single actions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule maintain acid-base balance secrete H (type A) or HCO₃⁻ (type B) to adjust pH (e.g., via H -ATPase). Principal cells manage water/Na ADH/aldosterone-driven, not pH. Podocytes filter in the glomerulus no tubular role. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin blood pressure-focused. Intercalated cells' pH regulation distinguishes them, key to distal acid-base correction, unlike water, filtration, or vascular cells.