The figure depicts two possible graphs of an assumed population genetic diversity. In comparison to each other:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Crossing over in meiosis increases diversity (D is correct). Rationale: Crossing over (prophase I) shuffles alleles, favoring higher diversity (graph B likely shows more variation). A and B are false (crossing over is meiotic), C reverses logic.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome, A) fits. Rationale: Clenched hands, multiple organ defects, and craniofacial issues (e.g., prominent occiput) are hallmark Edwards features. Down (B, D) lacks these specifics; Turner (C) differs (e.g., lymphedema).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chromatin is decondensed in interphase (for gene expression) and condensed in M phase (mitosis, for segregation). 'C' (Decondensed, Condensed) is correct. Rationale: Interphase chromatin is diffuse to allow transcription, while M phase (prophase to metaphase) condenses chromosomes into visible, compact structures for division.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Segregation involves homologous chromosomes separating; independent assortment involves different chromosomes assorting independently. 'B' is correct. Rationale: Mendel’s laws: segregation (alleles on homologs split in meiosis I), assortment (non-homologous chromosomes align randomly).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alpha satellite DNA is at the centromere (B). Rationale: These repetitive sequences define the centromere, aiding kinetochore attachment, distinct from telomeres or p-arms of acrocentrics.