The etiology of wheezing in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may be due to all the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is a chronic lung disease that affects premature infants, wheezing can occur due to various underlying factors. The correct answer, option D) Airway malacia, is not typically associated with the etiology of wheezing in BPD. Option A) lower airway inflammation is a common feature of BPD and can contribute to wheezing. Option B) bronchial smooth muscle irritation can also lead to wheezing in BPD as the airways are hyper-reactive. Option C) intraluminal exudate, which refers to the accumulation of fluid or pus within the airway, can further contribute to airway obstruction and wheezing in BPD. Educationally, understanding the etiology of wheezing in BPD is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the contributing factors can guide appropriate interventions and treatment strategies to manage symptoms effectively. By differentiating between potential causes of wheezing, nurses can provide targeted and individualized care to improve respiratory outcomes in infants with BPD.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Tenderness in the right lower quadrant and leukocytosis greater than 10,000/cmm. This answer aligns with the scoring criteria of the Alvarado/MANTRELS rule for assessing the likelihood of appendicitis in children. Tenderness in the right lower quadrant and leukocytosis greater than 10,000/cmm are assigned 2 points each in the scoring system, indicating a higher predictive value for appendicitis. Option A) Migration of pain to the right lower quadrant, option B) Anorexia, nausea/vomiting, rebound pain, and option C) Temperature of at least 37.3°C, WBC shift to greater than 75% neutrophils are all assigned 1 point in the scoring system. While these symptoms may be present in appendicitis, they do not carry as much weight in the diagnostic scoring as tenderness in the right lower quadrant and leukocytosis greater than 10,000/cmm. In an educational context, understanding the Alvarado/MANTRELS rule is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of appendicitis. This rule provides a structured approach to assessing the likelihood of appendicitis based on specific clinical criteria, guiding healthcare providers in making informed decisions about further diagnostic testing and treatment interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory care, maintaining optimal oxygen saturation levels is crucial for adequate tissue oxygenation. The correct answer, option D (93%), is based on the understanding that pediatric patients, especially those with respiratory disorders, require higher oxygen saturation levels compared to adults. Children have higher metabolic rates and lower oxygen reserves, making them more susceptible to hypoxemia. Choosing option A (80%) or B (85%) would not provide adequate oxygenation for pediatric patients as these levels are generally considered too low and may lead to hypoxemia. Option C (90%) is closer to the correct answer but may still not be sufficient for some pediatric patients, especially those with respiratory compromise. Educationally, understanding the appropriate oxygen saturation levels in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for children with respiratory disorders. This knowledge helps in providing safe and effective care, preventing complications related to hypoxemia, and promoting positive patient outcomes. It is important to remember that individual patient factors and clinical conditions should also be considered when determining the appropriate oxygen saturation goal.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Widely advocated supine sleeping position. This practice has been a crucial recommendation in reducing the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) over the past two decades. Placing infants on their backs to sleep has been shown to significantly decrease the risk of SIDS as compared to other sleeping positions. Option B) ECG monitoring to detect prolonged Q-T interval is not directly related to the decreased incidence of SIDS. While monitoring for cardiac abnormalities is important in some cases, it is not a primary factor in preventing SIDS. Option C) Avoiding soft bedding is indeed a recommended practice to reduce the risk of SIDS, but it is not the primary reason for the decreased incidence over the past two decades. The emphasis has been more on sleep position than on bedding. Option D) Decreasing maternal cigarette smoking is a significant factor in reducing the risk of SIDS. However, the primary reason for the decreased incidence of SIDS in the past two decades has been the promotion of the supine sleeping position. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations, to understand and promote safe sleep practices to prevent SIDS. By emphasizing the importance of placing infants on their backs to sleep, healthcare professionals can play a key role in reducing the risk of SIDS and promoting infant health and safety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Nuts. Young children are at high risk for aspirating small objects due to their tendency to explore the world through their mouths. Nuts are a common culprit as their shape and size can easily obstruct the airway. Option B) Small toys may also pose a risk, but nuts are more commonly aspirated due to their size and shape, making them a higher risk factor. Option C) Coins are less likely to be aspirated compared to nuts as they are typically larger and less likely to fit into the airway. Option D) Rubber balloons are not commonly aspirated as they are larger and less likely to be inhaled compared to smaller objects like nuts. In an educational context, understanding the common foreign bodies aspirated by young children is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric care. This knowledge helps in prevention, early recognition, and appropriate intervention in cases of foreign body aspiration, which can be life-threatening. Nurses need to educate caregivers on keeping small objects out of reach of children to prevent such incidents.