The establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 was a major milestone in global public health. What is the primary goal of the WHO?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to promote international cooperation in health efforts. This is the correct answer because the WHO was established to coordinate global health initiatives, share knowledge, and address health challenges collectively. By fostering collaboration among countries, the WHO aims to improve health outcomes worldwide. Choice A is incorrect as the WHO does not primarily provide funding for local health projects but focuses on coordinating efforts at a global level. Choice B is incorrect as the WHO does not create laws regarding healthcare policies but rather provides guidelines and recommendations for member states. Choice D is incorrect as the WHO does not mandate vaccinations for all nations but works to ensure access to vaccines and promote vaccination programs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To conduct public health surveillance and promote disease prevention. The CDC's primary mission is to monitor health trends, detect and investigate health problems, and promote public health through education and prevention programs. This is evident in its extensive work in tracking disease outbreaks, conducting research on disease prevention strategies, and providing guidance to healthcare professionals and the public. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the CDC's main focus is not on developing medications, managing healthcare costs, or overseeing environmental protection laws.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: To develop public sanitation systems. The Public Health Act of 1848 aimed to improve public health by addressing unsanitary living conditions. This included measures to develop public sanitation systems such as sewage disposal and clean water supply. This objective was crucial in reducing the spread of diseases and improving overall health outcomes. Incorrect choices: A: To establish vaccination programs - While vaccination is important for public health, the focus of the Public Health Act of 1848 was on sanitation and hygiene. B: To improve housing conditions - While housing conditions impact public health, the main focus of the act was on sanitation rather than housing. C: To create national health insurance - The concept of national health insurance was not a primary objective of the Public Health Act of 1848, which mainly focused on sanitation measures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Smallpox vaccine. The Smallpox vaccine was developed in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and led to the global eradication of smallpox in the 20th century. The vaccine's effectiveness in preventing smallpox transmission played a crucial role in the eradication effort led by the World Health Organization. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while these vaccines are important in preventing diseases, none of them led to the global eradication of a major infectious disease like the Smallpox vaccine did.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The Spanish Flu pandemic. During the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic, public health officials recognized the need for a structured public health nursing program to address the widespread health crisis. This event highlighted the importance of preventative care and community health initiatives, leading to the establishment of the first public health nursing program in the United States. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Civil War primarily influenced advancements in military medicine and nursing. C: The Yellow Fever outbreak led to important developments in tropical medicine but did not directly influence the establishment of the first public health nursing program. D: The Great Depression prompted social welfare programs but was not directly linked to the establishment of public health nursing.