The earliest pathologic lesion in the lung of a patient with cystic fibrosis is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In cystic fibrosis, the earliest pathologic lesion in the lung is bronchiolitis. This is because cystic fibrosis primarily affects the smaller airways in the lungs, leading to inflammation and obstruction. Bronchiolitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, which are the smallest air passages in the lungs. Option A is correct because bronchiolitis is the initial lesion seen in cystic fibrosis, reflecting the early changes in the airways due to the disease process. Option B, bronchitis, involves inflammation of the larger airways (bronchi) and is not typically the initial pathology in cystic fibrosis. Option C, bronchiolectasis, is not a recognized medical term. It may have been a distractor meant to confuse students. Option D, bronchiectasis, is a common complication of cystic fibrosis but typically develops later in the disease process after recurrent infections and damage to the airways. Understanding the progression of lung pathology in cystic fibrosis is crucial for nursing care to provide appropriate interventions and support for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the early signs of bronchiolitis allows for timely interventions to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. It is essential for nurses to have a strong foundation in respiratory disorders to deliver optimal care to pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is B) systemic corticosteroids. Systemic corticosteroids are the first-line treatment for IPH because they help reduce inflammation in the lungs and suppress the immune response that leads to hemosiderin deposition. Corticosteroids also help to improve lung function and reduce the severity of symptoms in patients with IPH. Transfusion of blood products (option A) is not the treatment of choice for IPH because it does not address the underlying cause of the disease, which is inflammation and immune dysregulation in the lungs. Cyclophosphamide (option C) is sometimes used in severe cases of IPH that do not respond to corticosteroids, but it is not typically the first-line treatment due to its potential side effects and toxicity. Lung transplantation (option D) is considered in very severe cases of IPH where other treatments have failed, but it is not the initial treatment of choice due to the risks associated with transplantation and the availability of other effective treatment options. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the treatment of IPH is crucial for nursing care of pediatric patients with respiratory disorders. It is important for nurses to be knowledgeable about the appropriate treatments for different respiratory conditions to provide effective care and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pleural fluid analysis in chylothorax, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the significance of each parameter to provide optimal care for pediatric patients with respiratory disorders. The correct answer, option C, is that the pleural fluid:serum cholesterol ratio is <1.0. This is because in chylothorax, the pleural fluid typically has a higher content of triglycerides due to the leakage of chyle into the pleural space. Therefore, the pleural fluid triglyceride level being >110 mg/dL (option A) and the pleural fluid:serum triglyceride ratio being >1.0 (option B) are both indicative of chylothorax. Additionally, lymphocytes being primarily found in the fluid (option D) is also characteristic of chylothorax due to the inflammatory response triggered by the presence of chyle in the pleural space. Understanding these nuances in pleural fluid analysis is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with respiratory disorders as it guides accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is a chronic lung disease that affects premature infants, wheezing can occur due to various underlying factors. The correct answer, option D) Airway malacia, is not typically associated with the etiology of wheezing in BPD. Option A) lower airway inflammation is a common feature of BPD and can contribute to wheezing. Option B) bronchial smooth muscle irritation can also lead to wheezing in BPD as the airways are hyper-reactive. Option C) intraluminal exudate, which refers to the accumulation of fluid or pus within the airway, can further contribute to airway obstruction and wheezing in BPD. Educationally, understanding the etiology of wheezing in BPD is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the contributing factors can guide appropriate interventions and treatment strategies to manage symptoms effectively. By differentiating between potential causes of wheezing, nurses can provide targeted and individualized care to improve respiratory outcomes in infants with BPD.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Colicky pattern occurring every 15 to 20 minutes. In the case of intussusception, this symptom is significant because it is a classic presentation of this condition in infants. Intussusception is a medical emergency where one portion of the intestine telescopes into another, causing obstruction and impaired blood flow. The colicky pattern of pain is due to the intermittent constriction of the intestine, leading to the characteristic episodes of pain every 15 to 20 minutes. Option A (Sudden onset of crampy abdominal pain) is a general symptom seen in many abdominal conditions and does not specifically point towards intussusception. Option B (Knees draw up) is a non-specific sign that can occur with various abdominal issues and is not unique to intussusception. Option C (Cries out and exhibits pallor) is also non-specific and can be seen in many painful conditions, not exclusive to intussusception. Understanding the specific clinical manifestations of pediatric respiratory disorders like intussusception is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the unique signs and symptoms can lead to prompt diagnosis and intervention, potentially preventing complications and improving patient outcomes. Regular review and understanding of these key indicators through tools like quizzes can help reinforce this knowledge and enhance nursing care in pediatric settings.