The drugs used for oral administration EXCLUDE:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fercoven because it is not a common drug used for oral administration. Ferrous sulfate, ferrous lactate, and ferrous fumarate are commonly used oral iron supplements for treating iron deficiency anemia. Fercoven is not a known drug for oral administration in the context of iron supplementation. Therefore, it is the outlier among the choices provided.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Identify the specific bradycardic drug among the choices. Step 2: Atenolol is a beta-blocker known to decrease heart rate. Step 3: Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate <60 bpm. Step 4: Atenolol is commonly used to treat angina and hypertension. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is C: Atenolol, as it specifically decreases heart rate. Summary: A: Dipyridamole - antiplatelet, not known for bradycardic effects. B: Validol - used for angina relief, not a bradycardic agent. C: Atenolol - beta-blocker, specific bradycardic drug. D: Alinidine - antiarrhythmic agent, not primarily used for bradycardia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because Nimodipine and Cinnarizine are calcium channel blockers that affect brain blood flow by dilating cerebral blood vessels. Nimodipine specifically acts on cerebral arteries, while Cinnarizine works by reducing the influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells of the brain vasculature. Choice A, Aminalon and Picamilon, are not calcium channel blockers and do not directly influence brain blood flow. Choice C, Heparin and Warfarin, are anticoagulants and do not have a direct effect on brain blood flow through calcium channel blockade. Choice D, Vinpocetine and Nicergoline, are vasodilators that improve cerebral blood flow, but they do not act as calcium channel blockers.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, and as a protein-based molecule, it is susceptible to degradation by gastric juice, making option B correct. Gastric juice contains enzymes like pepsin that break down proteins. Option A is incorrect because polypeptides are not resistant to destruction by gastric juice. Option C is incorrect as insulin is indeed a polypeptide. Option D is incorrect as insulin is not immediately metabolized by cellular enzymes; instead, it plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement is false. The half-life of cortisol in circulation is around 60-90 minutes, not hours. Choice A is correct as cortisol is indeed synthesized from cholesterol. Choice B is correct as ACTH regulates cortisol secretion. Choice C is incorrect - most cortisol is inactivated in the liver.