The dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric resuscitation, the dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest is crucial for improving outcomes. The correct answer is A) 10 micrograms/kg. This dose is based on current guidelines that recommend a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (100 micrograms/kg) of adrenaline during cardiac arrest. Option B) 10 milligrams/kg is incorrect as it is an excessively high dose and could lead to adverse effects like hypertension and arrhythmias in a pediatric patient. Option C) 100 milligrams/kg is also incorrect as it is an extremely high and dangerous dose that can be fatal in a pediatric patient. Option D) 1000 micrograms/kg is not the recommended dose and would be too high for a pediatric patient, potentially causing harm. Educationally, understanding the correct dosage of medications in pediatric emergencies is vital for nurses and healthcare providers. Administering the wrong dose can have serious consequences for the pediatric patient. It is important to calculate and administer medications accurately based on the child's weight and current guidelines to ensure safe and effective care during critical situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) d-Transposition of great arteries. This is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in newborns because it involves a reversal of the aorta and pulmonary artery, leading to two separate circulatory systems. This results in deoxygenated blood circulating in the body, causing cyanosis. Option A) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect, but it is not the most common in newborns. It consists of four defects: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Option B) Ebstein anomaly is a rare heart defect where the tricuspid valve is located lower than normal in the right ventricle. It can cause cyanosis, but it is not as common as d-Transposition of great arteries. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome involves underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body. While it is a serious condition, it is not the most common cyanotic heart disease in newborns. Understanding the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers as it helps in early identification, timely intervention, and appropriate management to improve outcomes for these infants. This knowledge is essential for nursing students preparing for the NCLEX exam to ensure competent and safe care for pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Severe coarctation of the aorta. This congenital heart defect is associated with heart failure in newborns due to the obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. The narrowing of the aorta leads to increased pressure in the left ventricle, causing strain on the heart and ultimately leading to heart failure. Option A) Large VSD (ventricular septal defect) and option B) Large ASD (atrial septal defect) are not typically associated with heart failure in newborns unless there are additional complicating factors present. VSD and ASD are defects that allow blood to flow between the chambers of the heart, but they do not directly cause the same level of obstruction and strain on the heart as coarctation of the aorta. Option D) Severe Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect that involves a combination of four heart abnormalities. While Tetralogy of Fallot can lead to cyanosis and low oxygen levels, it is not typically associated with heart failure in newborns as the primary issue is oxygenation rather than heart failure. It is important for nurses and healthcare providers to understand the different types of congenital heart defects and their implications for newborns. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns with congenital heart disease is crucial for prompt intervention and appropriate management to improve outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the clinical manifestations of acute congestive heart failure is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this case, option C, "Firm non-tender liver," is the correct answer. This is because in acute congestive heart failure, the liver may become enlarged and congested due to venous congestion, leading to hepatomegaly. However, the liver typically remains soft and tender in this condition. Option A, "Edema lower limb," is a common clinical manifestation of congestive heart failure due to fluid retention and increased hydrostatic pressure in the veins, leading to swelling in dependent areas like the lower limbs. Option B, "Congested pulsating neck veins," is also seen in acute congestive heart failure as a result of increased central venous pressure, leading to engorgement and pulsation of the jugular veins. Option D, "Basal lung crepitations," are typically present in congestive heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to crackling sounds upon auscultation in the basal areas. Educationally, understanding these clinical signs helps nurses differentiate between various conditions presenting similarly and tailor care to address the specific needs of the pediatric patient. Recognizing the subtle differences in these manifestations is essential for early identification, prompt treatment, and improved outcomes in children with acute congestive heart failure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD), it is crucial to understand the clinical findings associated with this congenital heart defect. The correct answer, option C, "Normal growth parameter," is the exception among the listed findings. A) Option A, a grade II pansystolic murmur in the left parasternal area, is often present in infants with VSD due to the turbulent blood flow across the defect. B) Option B, an accentuated second heart sound on the second left intercostal space, can be heard in VSD as the defect causes increased blood flow through the pulmonary valve. D) Option D, a hyperdynamic precordium, is commonly observed in infants with VSD due to the increased cardiac output. Understanding these clinical findings is important for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients with congenital heart defects. Recognizing these signs can aid in early identification, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for these infants. Monitoring growth parameters is essential in pediatric care but is not a specific clinical finding associated with VSD.