The dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct dose of adrenaline IV for cardiac arrest is option A) 10 microgram/kg. This dose is appropriate because adrenaline is a potent vasoconstrictor that helps improve blood flow to vital organs during cardiac arrest. Administering the correct dose is crucial for achieving the desired physiological response without causing harm. Option B) 10 milligram/kg is incorrect because administering such a high dose of adrenaline can lead to severe side effects like hypertension, arrhythmias, and decreased blood flow to vital organs. Option C) 100 milligram/kg is also incorrect as it is an extremely high dose that can be fatal due to the risk of causing severe cardiovascular complications. Option D) 1000 microgram/kg is incorrect because it is an excessively high dose that can result in dangerous adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and tissue necrosis. In the context of pediatric nursing and the NCLEX exam, understanding the correct dosage of medications is essential for ensuring safe and effective patient care. It is crucial for pediatric nurses to have a solid grasp of medication dosages to prevent medication errors and adverse reactions in pediatric patients. Mastering drug calculations and dosages is a fundamental skill that pediatric nurses must possess to provide high-quality care to their young patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) d-Transposition of great arteries. In newborns, d-Transposition of the great arteries is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease. This condition occurs when the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle, leading to a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Option A) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect but is not the most common in newborns. It consists of four components: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Option B) Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by malformed tricuspid valve, leading to displacement of the valve into the right ventricle. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital heart defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of congenital heart diseases in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients. It is essential for nurses preparing for the NCLEX to have a solid foundation in pediatric cardiac conditions to provide safe and effective care to pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In newborns, severe coarctation of the aorta is associated with heart failure due to the narrowing of the aorta, leading to increased pressure in the left ventricle and decreased blood flow to the body. This results in heart failure symptoms such as poor feeding, tachypnea, and weak pulses. Large VSD and large ASD can cause increased pulmonary blood flow but do not typically present with heart failure in the newborn period. In the case of severe Tetralogy of Fallot, cyanosis is more prominent than heart failure symptoms in the immediate newborn period. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns is essential for early intervention and optimal outcomes. This question reinforces the importance of differentiating between various congenital heart diseases and their associated clinical presentations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the clinical picture of acute congestive heart failure, the presence of a firm, non-tender liver (Option C) is not typically expected. This is because in congestive heart failure, the liver may become enlarged and tender due to congestion and impaired circulation. Option A, edema in the lower limbs, is a common manifestation of heart failure due to fluid retention and increased venous pressure. Option B, congested pulsating neck veins, is seen in heart failure as a result of increased pressure in the superior vena cava. Option D, basal lung crepitations, are also commonly found in heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of acute congestive heart failure is crucial for healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these signs and symptoms promptly can lead to early intervention and improved outcomes. The absence of a tender liver in this context highlights the importance of assessing multiple symptoms comprehensively to reach accurate clinical judgments.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In infants with a large Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), it is crucial to understand the typical clinical findings associated with this congenital heart defect. Firstly, the correct answer is option C) Normal growth parameter. This is because infants with a large VSD often exhibit poor weight gain and failure to thrive due to increased metabolic demands from the heart defect. Option A) Grade II pansystolic murmur in the left parasternal area is typically present in infants with a VSD. This murmur is caused by the turbulent blood flow across the defect. Option B) Accentuated second heart sound on the 2nd left intercostal space is also common in infants with a VSD. This occurs due to increased blood flow across the pulmonary valve. Option D) Hyperdynamic precordium is another expected finding in infants with a large VSD. The increased flow of blood through the defect results in a palpable and visible pulsation of the heart. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of congenital heart defects like VSD is vital for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these findings can lead to early detection, appropriate interventions, and improved outcomes for infants with congenital heart defects.