The diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed by

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) duodenal biopsy. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten. The gold standard for diagnosing celiac disease is a duodenal biopsy, where a small tissue sample from the lining of the small intestine is examined for characteristic changes associated with the disease, such as villous atrophy. This test provides a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease. Option A) ultrasound abdomen is not used to diagnose celiac disease. It may be used to assess certain gastrointestinal conditions but is not specific for celiac disease. Option B) barium study is not the preferred diagnostic test for celiac disease. While it can help visualize the gastrointestinal tract, it does not provide the specific information needed to diagnose celiac disease. Option D) serum B12 level is not a diagnostic test for celiac disease. Serum B12 levels may be affected in individuals with celiac disease due to malabsorption of nutrients, but it is not a definitive test for diagnosing the condition. Educational Context: Understanding the diagnostic process for celiac disease is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those preparing for exams like the NCLEX. Knowing that a duodenal biopsy is the gold standard for confirming celiac disease helps ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management for patients with this condition. This knowledge also highlights the importance of evidence-based practice and the use of specific diagnostic tests for different medical conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) galactosemia of the infant. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder where infants lack the enzyme needed to metabolize galactose properly. Breast milk contains galactose, which can be harmful to infants with galactosemia, leading to severe complications or even death. Therefore, breastfeeding is contraindicated in infants with galactosemia. Option A) active tuberculosis of the mother is not a permanent contraindication to breastfeeding. Proper precautions can be taken to ensure safe breastfeeding practices. Option C) Varicella of the mother is not a permanent contraindication to breastfeeding. In fact, breastfeeding can provide passive immunity to the infant against varicella. Option D) H1N1 influenza of the mother is not a permanent contraindication to breastfeeding. With proper hygiene measures and possibly wearing a mask, breastfeeding can continue safely. Educationally, understanding contraindications to breastfeeding is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for infants. It is important to be aware of conditions that may impact the safety of breastfeeding and to provide appropriate guidance and support to mothers in making informed decisions regarding infant feeding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) food as a reward should be encouraged. This statement is correct because using food as a reward can promote unhealthy eating habits and an unhealthy relationship with food. Children may learn to associate food with emotions rather than nourishment, leading to potential issues with emotional eating and overeating in the future. Option A) promotion of breastfeeding is important for preventing obesity as breast milk provides essential nutrients and promotes healthy growth without the risk of overfeeding or introducing unhealthy food choices at a young age. Option B) using smaller bowls helps in controlling portion sizes, which is a key factor in maintaining healthy eating habits and preventing overeating. Option C) children should never eat directly from a bag or box is important as it can lead to mindless eating and overconsumption of snacks. Portion control and mindfulness while eating are crucial in preventing obesity. In an educational context, it is essential to emphasize the importance of promoting healthy eating habits from a young age to prevent obesity and related health issues later in life. Educating families on age-appropriate portion sizes, healthy food choices, and mindful eating practices can play a significant role in shaping children's long-term eating behaviors and overall health. Encouraging positive food associations and teaching alternative non-food rewards can help in instilling a balanced approach to nutrition and wellness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of nutritional rehabilitation for a malnourished child, the correct answer is D) iron supplements are recommended. Iron supplements are not typically required at the beginning of nutritional rehabilitation but may be needed later if laboratory tests show iron deficiency. Option A is incorrect because a gradual increase in caloric intake, typically starting at 10% to 20% per day, is a safe approach to prevent refeeding syndrome. Option B is incorrect because caloric intake should not be increased to the point of initiating catch-up growth too quickly, as this can lead to complications like refeeding syndrome. Option C is incorrect because while protein needs may increase as anabolism begins, this does not happen right at the start of nutritional rehabilitation. It usually occurs later in the process as the child's nutritional status improves. Educationally, understanding the nuances of nutritional rehabilitation in malnourished children is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers working in pediatric settings. It is essential to monitor and adjust nutritional interventions carefully to prevent complications and promote optimal growth and development in these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this NCLEX Pediatric Gastrointestinal Practice Question, the correct answer is C) niacin (B3). The mnemonic "4 D's" (dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death) is specifically associated with niacin deficiency. Niacin (B3) deficiency leads to a range of symptoms including dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and if severe and left untreated, it can lead to death. Niacin is essential for the proper functioning of various enzymes involved in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell signaling. Looking at the other options: A) Thiamine (B1) deficiency is known to cause Beriberi, not the 4 D's. B) Riboflavin (B2) deficiency leads to symptoms like sore throat, redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and throat, but not the 4 D's. D) Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency can cause dermatitis, glossitis, and peripheral neuropathy, but not all 4 D's. Educationally, understanding these mnemonics and associations helps in recalling key information during exams and in clinical practice. By linking niacin deficiency to the 4 D's, students can quickly identify and address potential issues related to this specific vitamin deficiency. This rationale reinforces the importance of memorizing key associations in pediatric gastrointestinal health.