The depression of the kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureters exit is called the:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The hilum is the kidney's depression entry/exit for artery, vein, ureter (e.g., medial notch). Capsule is protective not an opening. Cortex is nephron-rich internal. Pyramid is medullary not entry. Hilum's gateway role distinguishes it, critical for vascular/urinary access, unlike structural zones.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Blood flows: afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary e.g., filtration to reabsorption. Peritubular before glomerulus reverses impossible. Efferent first skips input wrong. Peritubular start ignores filtration false. Correct order distinguishes it, key to nephron circulation, unlike reversed sequences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urea adds to medullary solute concentration recycles in collecting duct (e.g., ~1200 mOsm with NaCl). Sugar is reabsorbed not medullary. Proteins are filtered out not concentrated. Bicarbonate is pH-related not osmotic. Urea's contribution distinguishes it, key to concentration gradient, unlike filtered or pH solutes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alcohol is a diuretic inhibits ADH secretion (e.g., hypothalamus suppression), increasing urine. Antidiuretic increases retention opposite. Diuretic/increases ADH contradicts more water retained. Antidiuretic/inhibits misnames diuresis occurs. Diuretic/inhibition distinguishes it, key to alcohol's effect, unlike retention or reverse errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All dialysis (blood filtering), CAPD (peritoneal), transplant treat renal failure (e.g., replace kidney function). Dialysis alone omits options partial. CAPD alone excludes others limited. Transplant alone ignores temporaries insufficient. Comprehensive treatments distinguish it, key to renal management, unlike singular approaches.