The definitive kidney 'metanephros' develop at

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metanephros, the definitive kidney, begins at week 4 ureteric bud meets metanephric blastema, forming nephrons. Week 2 is pre-renal (pronephros starts). Week 3 sees mesonephros temporary. Week 1 lacks renal development too early. Fourth-week onset distinguishes metanephros, key to permanent kidney formation, unlike earlier stages.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) shows high pressure, low flow on urodynamics effort against resistance (e.g., BPH). Low pressure/low flow suggests detrusor underactivity opposite. Incomplete emptying and high residuals are results, not hallmarks secondary. High pressure/low flow distinguishes BOO, key to its urodynamic signature, unlike underactivity or outcome-focused options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: STAMPEDE' trial (Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate cancer) tests treatments (e.g., ADT + docetaxel) prostate-specific. Renal cell trials (e.g., CheckMate) focus immunotherapy distinct. Bladder cancer uses other protocols (e.g., BCG) unrelated. Prostate focus distinguishes STAMPEDE, key to its landmark status, unlike renal or bladder studies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: MSKCC model predicts metastatic RCC survival post-nephrectomy, not localized. UISS, Leibovich, and VENUSS assess localized RCC recurrence stage, grade, size-based. MSKCC's metastatic focus distinguishes it, key to its exclusion for localized disease, unlike tailored prognostic tools.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gemcitabine least causes cystitis better tolerated intravesically, less irritative than anthracyclines or alkylators. Doxorubicin, mitomycin, and epirubicin (similar class) frequently irritate bladder chemical cystitis common. Gemcitabine's milder profile distinguishes it, critical for patient comfort in NMIBC, unlike irritative agents.