The decades between the 1960s and 1980s brought about many changes in nursing. Which of the following contributed to advances in nursing?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Development of specialty care disciplines. During the 1960s-1980s, nursing saw significant advancements as specialty care disciplines emerged, leading to improved patient care and enhanced skills among nurses. Specialty care disciplines expanded nursing knowledge and expertise, allowing for tailored and specialized care for specific patient populations. This shift towards specialization elevated the status of nursing and promoted better outcomes for patients. Summary: - A: Decreased demand for health care is incorrect as the period actually saw an increased demand due to population growth and advancements in medical treatments. - C: Gender discrimination, while a significant issue in nursing history, did not directly contribute to advances in nursing during this specific time period. - D: Advances in technology did impact nursing care, but it did not lead to more generalized care; instead, it often facilitated the development of specialized care disciplines.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Continuous reinforcement. Values are typically learned through consistent reinforcement of behavior that aligns with those values. This reinforcement can come from various sources such as parents, teachers, peers, and societal norms. Continuous reinforcement ensures that the values are internalized and become part of one's belief system. A: Reading books may expose individuals to different perspectives and values, but values are primarily learned through experiential and interpersonal interactions rather than just reading. B: Formal degrees may provide education and knowledge but do not guarantee the internalization of values. Values are often shaped through personal experiences and interactions rather than academic qualifications. D: Meeting diverse individuals can broaden one's perspective and expose them to different values, but values are not solely learned through interaction with others. Continuous reinforcement plays a more crucial role in internalizing values.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beneficence and nonmaleficence. Beneficence refers to doing good and promoting well-being, while nonmaleficence means to do no harm. Technology can sometimes create a conflict between these two principles when the benefits of a technology may come with potential risks or harm. In such cases, healthcare professionals must carefully balance the benefits and risks to ensure they are not causing harm while trying to do good. Choice A: Beneficence and justice do not inherently conflict because promoting well-being and ensuring fairness can work together. Choice C: Beneficence and veracity (truthfulness) are not directly in conflict; being honest and promoting well-being can align. Choice D: Beneficence and confidentiality can be in conflict in certain situations, but the conflict between beneficence and nonmaleficence is more common in the context of technology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Carefully assessing and documenting client status is crucial to avoid charges of negligence and false imprisonment. By assessing and documenting client status, healthcare providers can ensure they are meeting the client's needs and providing appropriate care. This helps in demonstrating that the healthcare provider acted responsibly. Option B is incorrect because ensuring all patient information is logged out and the nurse has signed out of the computer before leaving the computer station relates more to patient privacy and data security, rather than avoiding charges of negligence and false imprisonment. Option C, keeping careful notes while providing care, is important for accurate documentation but does not directly address the risk of negligence or false imprisonment. Option D, discussing safety needs with clients, is important but does not specifically address the legal aspects of negligence and false imprisonment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The client is alert and oriented, indicating capacity to make decisions. Step 2: The client expresses the desire to leave the hospital, exercising autonomy. Step 3: False imprisonment occurs when a person is unlawfully restrained. Step 4: Choice A is incorrect as it restricts the client's freedom without legal justification. Step 5: Choices B, C, and D respect the client's autonomy and do not involve restraining.