The day after having a radical prostatectomy, your client has many blood clots in the urinary catheter and states he has frequent bladder spasms. You notice occasional urine leakage around the catheter at the urinary meatus. The client says that his right calf is sore and complains that he feels short of breath. Which action will you take first?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct action to take first is option D: Obtain an oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry. This is because the client is exhibiting signs of a potential pulmonary embolism, which is a serious complication post-radical prostatectomy due to the formation of blood clots. Checking oxygen saturation is crucial to assess for adequate oxygenation and to determine if the client's shortness of breath is due to a pulmonary issue. Option A, irrigating the catheter with saline, is not the priority as the client's symptoms suggest a more urgent systemic issue like a pulmonary embolism. Option B, administering oxybutynin, is used for managing overactive bladder symptoms and is not relevant to the client's current presentation. Option C, checking for Homans' sign, is used to assess for deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities and may not be the most immediate concern in this case. Educationally, this scenario highlights the importance of recognizing and prioritizing emergent situations in post-operative care. Understanding the signs and symptoms of potential complications like pulmonary embolism is crucial for nurses to provide timely and appropriate interventions to ensure patient safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen). PSA is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland and is commonly used as a screening test for prostate cancer. Elevated levels of PSA in the blood may indicate the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate-related issues. Option A) PAS, Option B) APS, and Option D) PCA are all incorrect choices for this question. PAS and APS are not relevant tests used for screening prostate cancer. PCA does not correspond to any standard test associated with prostate cancer screening. Educationally, understanding the significance of PSA testing in screening for prostate cancer is crucial for healthcare professionals like nurses. This knowledge allows them to efficiently identify potential health issues in patients, initiate appropriate follow-up actions, and provide necessary support and education to individuals undergoing such screenings. It also highlights the importance of regular health screenings for early detection and management of diseases like prostate cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Family history of breast cancer. This is a common risk factor for developing breast cancer because genetics play a significant role in predisposing individuals to this disease. Women with a family history of breast cancer, especially in first-degree relatives like mothers or sisters, are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer themselves. Option A) Older than 30 years of age is not a common risk factor in itself as breast cancer can occur at any age, although the risk does increase with age. Option C) African-American heritage is a demographic factor that may influence the incidence and outcomes of breast cancer but is not a direct risk factor for the disease. Option D) Breast tenderness without any sensation is not a known risk factor for breast cancer. Breast tenderness can be caused by hormonal changes or benign conditions and is not typically associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. In the educational context, it is crucial for nurses to provide accurate and evidence-based information to women regarding breast cancer risk factors. Understanding these risk factors can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health, such as undergoing regular screenings or genetic testing if indicated. Educating women about the significance of family history in assessing personal risk for breast cancer is essential for early detection and prevention efforts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to the question "Which of the following factors increase the risk of prostate cancer?" is option C) Living an inactive lifestyle. Living an inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for prostate cancer because regular physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Exercise helps in maintaining a healthy weight, improving immune function, and reducing inflammation in the body, all of which contribute to lowering the risk of cancer development. Option A) A low-fat diet is actually associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. Research suggests that diets high in saturated fats may increase the risk of prostate cancer, while diets low in fat and rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are linked to a lower risk. Option B) Alcohol and caffeine consumption are not directly linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. While excessive alcohol intake can have negative health effects, moderate consumption is not specifically associated with prostate cancer. Similarly, moderate caffeine consumption has not been shown to significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer. Option D) Smoking habits are more strongly associated with lung cancer and other respiratory diseases rather than prostate cancer. While smoking is a significant risk factor for various cancers and health conditions, it is not a primary risk factor for prostate cancer. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for prostate cancer is crucial for individuals to make informed decisions about their lifestyle choices. Encouraging regular physical activity, a healthy diet low in saturated fats, and avoiding tobacco use can not only reduce the risk of prostate cancer but also improve overall health and well-being. It is important to promote evidence-based information to empower individuals to take control of their health and make positive choices for disease prevention.