The damage to IX, X & XII cranial nerves produce:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bulbar palsy is the correct answer because it results from damage to the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, which are located in the medulla oblongata. This condition leads to dysphagia, dysarthria, and tongue atrophy due to the loss of motor control in the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Deuterium oxide distributes throughout total body water (TBW), while inulin distributes only in extracellular fluid (ECF). The intracellular fluid (ICF) volume is calculated as TBW - ECF. Here, TBW = 42 L and ECF = 14 L, so ICF = 42 - 14 = 28 L. This calculation is based on the principle that deuterium oxide measures all body water, while inulin is restricted to the extracellular compartment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The lateral spinothalamic tract carries second-order neurons transmitting pain and temperature information to the thalamus. It is a critical pathway for sensory perception and is involved in relaying these sensations to higher brain centers.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia, where it mediates synaptic transmission between pre- and post-ganglionic neurons. GABA, noradrenaline, and 5-HT are not involved in ganglionic transmission.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Intraocular pressure increases during normal blinking, coughing, and hypercarbia due to changes in intrathoracic pressure and blood flow.