The daily dose of estrogen for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lower than that for contraception. Estrogen dose for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is lower than that for contraception because the goal is to provide symptom relief and reduce health risks without stimulating ovulation. Estrogen dose for contraception needs to be higher to suppress ovulation effectively. Choices A and B are incorrect as they incorrectly assume equivalence or higher dose needed for hormone replacement therapy. Choice D is incorrect as estrogen dose for hormone replacement therapy is generally consistent and not variable based on age.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Parathormone. In hypoparathyroidism, there is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to low calcium levels. Parathormone replacement therapy, in the form of synthetic PTH, is the most effective treatment to restore calcium balance. Calcium lactate (B) is a calcium supplement but does not address the underlying cause. Vitamin D (C) helps with calcium absorption but does not directly treat the PTH deficiency. Pamidronate (D) is a bisphosphonate used for conditions like osteoporosis, not hypoparathyroidism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prevention of osteoporosis. Medicinal calcium salts are commonly prescribed to prevent osteoporosis due to their role in maintaining bone density. Calcium is essential for bone health and helps prevent bone loss associated with osteoporosis. Choice B: Hastening fracture union is incorrect because while calcium is important for bone healing, it is not typically used as the primary treatment to hasten fracture union. Choice C: Peripheral neuritis is incorrect because calcium salts are not indicated for the treatment of peripheral neuritis. Peripheral neuritis is often treated with medications such as B vitamins. Therefore, the correct choice is A as medicinal calcium salts are specifically indicated for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C (Centchroman): 1. Centchroman is a non-hormonal male contraceptive that acts by inhibiting sperm production without affecting libido or potency. 2. It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, which helps in contraception without affecting male sexual function. 3. Centchroman's mechanism of action does not interfere with testosterone levels or sexual desire, making it an effective male contraceptive option. 4. Studies have shown that centchroman is safe and well-tolerated, making it a suitable choice for male contraception. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A. Cyproterone acetate: It is a hormonal contraceptive that can affect libido and potency due to its anti-androgenic properties. B. Goserelin: It is a hormonal drug that suppresses testosterone production, potentially affecting libido and potency. D. Gossypol: It is a plant-derived compound that can impact sperm production and fertility without preserving libido and potency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Endometrial carcinoma. Oral contraceptives actually decrease the risk of developing endometrial cancer by regulating hormone levels. A: Hypertension can be a side effect of oral contraceptives due to changes in blood pressure. B: Leg vein thrombosis risk increases due to estrogen in oral contraceptives causing blood clotting. D: Gall stones risk can increase with oral contraceptives due to changes in bile composition.