The count of the solution in the IV container at the beginning of the shift is 800 mL. A new 1000-mL bag was hung during the shift and has 650-mL left at the end of the shift. What amount should the nurse record as the IV fluid intake for the shift?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 1150 mL. The nurse should record the total volume of IV fluid administered during the shift, which includes both the initial 800 mL in the IV container and the 350 mL (1000 mL - 650 mL) used from the new bag. Therefore, the total IV fluid intake for the shift is 800 mL + 350 mL = 1150 mL. Option A (1000 mL) is incorrect because it only accounts for the new IV bag volume, not the initial IV container volume. Option B (1050 mL) is incorrect as it does not consider the volume left in the new IV bag. Option C (1100 mL) is incorrect because it only includes the initial IV container volume and not the volume used from the new bag. Only option D correctly incorporates both the initial IV container and the new bag volumes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Renin plays a role in blood pressure regulation by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade. Renin is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium and water retention, ultimately increasing blood pressure. Therefore, choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because renin does not suppress angiotensin production, decrease sodium reabsorption, or inhibit aldosterone release.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because acute kidney injury from postrenal etiology is typically caused by obstruction of urine flow, leading to back pressure in the kidneys. This obstruction can be due to conditions like kidney stones or tumors. Choices B and C refer to pre-renal causes that affect renal blood flow, not obstruct urine flow. Choice D refers to intrinsic renal causes, not postrenal obstruction. Hence, A is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The elevated BUN and serum creatinine levels with a normal BUN/creatinine ratio suggest a pre-renal cause, indicating decreased renal perfusion. This is consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI) such as acute tubular necrosis (ATN). In ATN, there is damage to the renal tubules leading to impaired filtration and elevated BUN and creatinine levels. Hypovolemia and fluid resuscitation would typically result in a high BUN/creatinine ratio due to altered reabsorption. Increased nitrogen intake would not lead to elevated creatinine levels. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the presentation of elevated BUN and creatinine levels with a normal ratio.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: postrenal. The patient's symptoms of severe flank pain while trying to urinate, along with sediment and crystals in the urine, suggest a urinary tract obstruction (postrenal). This obstruction is likely causing the patient's pain and urinary symptoms. A: prerenal refers to issues before the kidneys, such as decreased blood flow. C: intrarenal refers to issues within the kidneys, like infection or inflammation. D: not renal related is incorrect as the symptoms clearly point to a renal issue. In summary, based on the clinical presentation and urinalysis findings, a postrenal cause is most likely the reason for the patient's symptoms.