The coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract is known as

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hemoptysis. Hemoptysis refers to the coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract. Halitosis (A) is bad breath, not related to coughing up blood. Hepatitis (C) is inflammation of the liver, not related to respiratory bleeding. Hypoxia (D) is a condition of decreased oxygen in tissues, not specific to coughing up blood. Hemoptysis specifically refers to the symptom of coughing up blood from the respiratory tract, making it the correct choice in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune. In an autoimmune disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, unable to differentiate between self and non-self antigens. This results in inflammation and tissue damage. Opportunistic diseases occur when the immune system is weakened, not due to a failure in self-recognition. Progressive diseases refer to conditions that worsen over time, not specifically related to self-recognition. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, not by the body's immune system attacking itself.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Turning downward is also called pronation. This movement involves rotating a body part downward or inward. In anatomical terms, pronation refers to the inward rotation of the forearm or foot. Supination (A) is the opposite movement of pronation, involving outward rotation. Hyperextension (B) is the excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion. Extension (D) refers to straightening or unbending a joint. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it specifically describes the action of turning downward.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Algor mortis. Algor mortis refers to the cooling of the body after death. This process occurs as the body temperature gradually decreases to match the surrounding environment. Rigor mortis (A) is the stiffening of muscles after death, Livor mortis (C) is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body, and Algae mortis (D) is not a recognized term in forensic science. Thus, the correct term for the cooling of the body after death is Algor mortis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thrombophlebitis involves clotting; anticoagulants prevent further clot formation.