The commonly used inhalational analgesia during labour is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Entonox. Entonox, a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen, is commonly used for inhalational analgesia during labor due to its fast-acting and safe properties. Nitrous oxide provides pain relief without affecting the baby's heart rate or causing sedation. Trilene (B) is not commonly used during labor due to potential side effects on the baby. Oxygen (C) is not an analgesic but is often used in conjunction with Entonox. Nitrous oxide (D) is the active component in Entonox and is the primary analgesic agent in this mixture.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion. Gastrinoma is a tumor that secretes excessive gastrin, leading to elevated gastrin levels. High gastrin levels stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, resulting in acid hypersecretion. Therefore, the combination of hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion is almost diagnostic of gastrinoma. A: Hypogastrinemia and acid hyposecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma leads to increased gastrin levels and subsequent acid hypersecretion. B: Hypergastrinemia and acid hyposecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma is associated with acid hypersecretion, not hyposecretion. C: Hypogastrinemia and acid hypersecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma causes elevated gastrin levels and acid hypersecretion, not hypogastrinemia. In summary, the correct answer D aligns with the pathophysiology of gastrinoma, while the

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, postpartum eclampsia. In amniotic fluid embolism, convulsions are often mistaken for postpartum eclampsia due to similar symptoms such as seizures and altered mental status. Postpartum eclampsia occurs after delivery, usually within 48 hours, while antepartum eclampsia occurs before delivery. Presence of stroke and pre-existing epilepsy are not directly related to convulsions in amniotic fluid embolism. Thus, D is the correct choice as it closely resembles the presentation of convulsions in amniotic fluid embolism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Unstable lie. After 36 weeks of gestation, the fetal lie should typically be consistent. An unstable lie refers to a situation where the fetal lie keeps changing position, indicating a potential complication. This can lead to difficulties during labor and delivery. Summary: B: Compound lie - Refers to a situation where the fetus is in an abnormal position, such as breech or transverse, alongside another part of the body presenting first. C: Multiple lie - Not a recognized medical term. D: Transverse lie - Refers to a situation where the fetus is positioned horizontally across the uterus, which can complicate delivery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Puerperal pyrexia. Maternal febrile condition within the first three weeks postpartum is suggestive of puerperal pyrexia, which is defined as a fever of 38°C or higher occurring after the first 24 hours post-delivery. This condition is commonly caused by endometritis, a uterine infection following childbirth. Puerperal sepsis (choice A) is a more severe form of infection involving systemic symptoms, while puerperal thrombosis (choice B) refers to blood clot formation. Puerperal shock (choice D) is a life-threatening condition resulting from severe infection or hemorrhage, which may present with fever but is not the primary symptom.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Magnesium sulphate. In eclampsia, magnesium sulphate is the drug of choice because it helps prevent seizures by reducing neuromuscular irritability and blocking peripheral neuromuscular transmission. It also has vasodilatory effects, improving uteroplacental blood flow. Phenobarbitone (A) is not recommended due to its sedative effects. Calcium gluconate (B) is used to treat hyperkalemia, not eclampsia. Sodium bicarbonate (D) is used for metabolic acidosis, not eclampsia. In summary, magnesium sulphate is preferred for its efficacy in preventing and managing seizures in eclampsia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because living wills typically are not always honored for cognitively impaired patients. Step-by-step rationale: A) Incorrect - A court can declare a patient incompetent if they are unable to make decisions. B) Incorrect - Impaired cognition can indeed make a person incompetent. D) Incorrect - A patient must have the capacity to understand information and make decisions to give informed consent.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Compound. In compound presentation, a hand or foot is alongside the presenting part, usually the head. This can complicate the delivery process. A: Footling presentation means the foot presents first. B: Transverse presentation is when the baby is lying sideways. C: Cephalic presentation is normal, with the head presenting first. In this scenario, D is the correct answer as it specifically describes the situation where a hand or foot is alongside the presenting part.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Regular exercise helps control weight gain and improves maternal health. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients for both mother and baby. Monitoring weight gain ensures healthy weight management. Combining all three strategies optimizes outcomes by reducing risks associated with maternal obesity, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension. Each option plays a crucial role in managing maternal obesity during pregnancy for better overall health and well-being.