The commonest type of ureteric calculus is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium oxalate. This is because calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of ureteric calculus, accounting for around 75% of cases. They form due to an excess of calcium and oxalate in the urine. Triple phosphate stones (choice B) are more commonly found in the bladder and are associated with urinary tract infections. Urate stones (choice C) are less common and typically seen in patients with gout or acidic urine. Cysteine stones (choice D) are rare and usually seen in patients with a genetic disorder affecting cysteine metabolism.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Palpating for the vertical chain of lymph nodes along the groin, inferior to the inguinal ligament. This is the correct action during a male genital examination as it helps assess for any abnormalities or signs of infection in the lymphatic system. Palpating the lymph nodes allows the nurse to identify any swelling, tenderness, or enlargement which could indicate underlying health issues. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Auscultating for a bruit over the scrotum is not a standard practice during a genital examination and is not relevant to assessing male genital health. C: Palpating the inguinal canal only if a bulge is present is incorrect as palpating the inguinal canal should be done regardless of the presence of a bulge to check for hernias. D: Having the patient shift his weight is not a standard procedure during a genital examination and is not relevant to assessing male genital health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because testes that feel oval, movable, and slightly sensitive to compression are considered normal during a testicular examination in a 25-year-old man. This finding indicates normal testicular anatomy and function. Rationale: 1. Oval shape: Normal testes are typically oval in shape. 2. Movable: Normal testes should be able to move slightly within the scrotum. 3. Sensitive to compression: Slight sensitivity to compression is normal due to the presence of nerves and blood vessels in the testes. Summary of other choices: A: Nontender subcutaneous plaques - Not normal; could indicate conditions like Peyronie's disease. B: Scrotal area that is dry, scaly, and nodular - Not normal; could suggest dermatological conditions or infections. D: Single, hard, circumscribed, movable mass 1 cm under the surface of the testes - Not normal; could be indicative of a test

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the first step in urine production occurs as water and solutes move from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule during the process of filtration. This initial step involves the passive movement of water and small solutes through the filtration membrane in the glomerulus. Reabsorption (choice A) occurs later in the process when useful substances are reclaimed from the filtrate. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the process of reabsorption, not the initial step. Choice C is also incorrect as secretion is the process of actively transporting substances from the blood into the renal tubules, not the first step in urine production.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Identify key characteristics of nephrons - functional units of kidneys, responsible for urine formation. Step 2: Confirm accuracy of statements - A: Nephrons are functional units. C: About a million nephrons in each kidney. Step 3: Combine statements - A + C = D, confirming both are correct. Step 4: Justify choice D - correct because nephrons are indeed functional units and there are approximately a million in each kidney. Summary: B is incorrect as the proximal convoluted tubules are not solely responsible for urine concentration/dilution. Choice D is correct as it combines the accurate statements from A and C.