The colligative properties of a solution are related to the

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Colligative properties are related to the total number of solute particles in the solution (C), including ions and molecules (e.g., glucose or Na⁺/Cl⁻), determining osmotic pressure or freezing point depression. pH (A) reflects H⁺, not all particles. Number of ions (B) is incomplete, excluding non-ionic solutes. Unionized molecules (D) ignores ionized species. pKa (original E) is irrelevant. This particle dependence, governed by Raoult's law, underpins pharmaceutical solutions' design (e.g., isotonic saline), ensuring physiological compatibility and stability.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Capsule size 5 (A) has the smallest capacity (~0.13 mL), per standard pharmaceutical sizing, where higher numbers indicate smaller volumes, used for low-dose drugs (e.g., thyroid). Size 4 (B, ~0.2 mL), 1 (C, ~0.5 mL), and 0 (D, ~0.68 mL) are larger; 000 (original E, ~1.37 mL) is largest. This sizing aids precise dosing, minimizing excipient use, critical in oral solid formulations for patient compliance and manufacturing efficiency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Trituration (A) best describes rubbing or grinding a substance in a mortar with a rough inner surface (1), reducing particle size (e.g., sulfur). Spatulation (B) mixes without grinding. Levigation (C) uses a liquid for a paste (3). Pulverization by intervention (D) adds a solvent (2). Tumbling (original E) is industrial mixing. Trituration's mechanical action ensures fine powders, enhancing dissolution in extemporaneous preparations, a fundamental pharmacy skill.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dose dumping is a problem in modified-release drug products (B), where unintended rapid release (e.g., from matrix failure) causes toxicity (e.g., theophylline). Compressed tablets (A) and capsules (C, D) are immediate-release unless modified. Suppositories (original E) rarely involve controlled release. This failure risks overdose, necessitating robust design (e.g., coating integrity) and testing, critical in chronic therapies to maintain steady plasma levels and avoid adverse effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Insulin renal clearance measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (D), as insulin is freely filtered and minimally reabsorbed/secreted, approximating GFR (e.g., 120 mL/min). Effective renal blood flow (A) uses PAH clearance. Drug excretion rate (B) varies by mechanism. Enzyme activity (C) is hepatic. Active secretion (original E) isn't insulin's path. GFR assessment via insulin, though less common than creatinine, ensures accurate renal function evaluation, vital for dosing renally cleared drugs.