The clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones are the:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. The islets regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A) are not specific to the pancreas. Pancreatic medulla (C) and pancreatic cortex (D) do not refer to the specific clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose levels. When released, glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, thus increasing blood glucose levels. This helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis during fasting or low glucose conditions. Options A and B are incorrect because glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, and in response to low blood glucose, not high. Option D is incorrect as glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown, not synthesis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Islets of Langerhans contain different types of cells that regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A), pancreatic medulla (C), and pancreatic cortex (D) are not associated with hormone secretion in the pancreas. Nodules are more general and not specific to the pancreas, while pancreatic medulla and cortex do not house the endocrine cells responsible for hormone secretion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland. 2. Heat intolerance is a common symptom due to increased metabolic rate. 3. Weight gain is associated with hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism. 4. Dry skin is more commonly seen in hypothyroidism. 5. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typical in hyperthyroidism. Summary: Choice C, heat intolerance, is associated with hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism or other conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because the growth plates have already closed in adults, preventing the elongation of bones seen in gigantism (choice A). Tetany (choice B) is caused by low calcium levels, not growth hormone. Kidney failure (choice C) is not directly related to excessive growth hormone.