The clue to need a help for a child who does not respond to his or her name is by age of

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric primary care, it is crucial to recognize developmental milestones and potential signs of delays early on. The correct answer to this question is D) 12 months. By this age, children typically exhibit social behaviors such as responding to their name when called. Option A) 6 months is too early to expect consistent responses to their name as infants are still developing their social skills and may not always react to verbal cues. Option B) 8 months is also premature for a reliable response to their name consistently. Option C) 10 months is getting closer to the expected age for this behavior but may still be too early for a definitive concern if a child does not respond consistently. Educationally, understanding developmental milestones and red flags for delays is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. Recognizing when a child is not responding to their name at the appropriate age can prompt further evaluation and intervention if needed to support their development. It is important to monitor these milestones closely during well-child visits and to involve early intervention services if there are concerns about a child's development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) speaks inhibition word 'no.' At 10 months, children typically begin to understand and respond to simple commands, imitate sounds like "mama" or "dada," and point to objects or say their first words. However, the ability to use inhibition words like "no" typically develops later, around 18-24 months, as children start to assert their independence and understand the concept of negation. Option A is incorrect as by 10 months, children may start to say simple words like "mama" or "dada." Option B is incorrect because following a one-step command without a gesture is also a milestone around this age. Option C is incorrect as pointing to objects or saying their first words is a common developmental milestone around 10 months of age. Understanding these developmental milestones in pediatric primary care is crucial for healthcare providers to monitor and assess a child's growth and development accurately. By recognizing what is typical for a child's age, healthcare providers can identify any potential developmental delays early and provide appropriate interventions and support to promote optimal growth and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) 80%. The specificity of a test refers to its ability to correctly identify those without the condition as negative. In this case, we have 150 normal persons tested, out of which the test correctly identified 120 (150 - 30 positive results) as negative. Therefore, the specificity is calculated as (True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives)) * 100 = (120 / 150) * 100 = 80%. This means that the test correctly identifies 80% of normal individuals as negative. Option A) 20%, Option B) 40%, and Option C) 60% are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the specificity of the test based on the information given. Educationally, understanding the concept of specificity in diagnostic testing is crucial for healthcare professionals to accurately interpret test results and make informed decisions regarding patient care. It is essential to differentiate between true negatives and false positives to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the least important advice for the young couple with a 2-month-old baby girl seeking medical advice for excessive crying is to change the milk formula (option C). This is the correct answer because excessive crying in a 2-month-old infant is unlikely to be solely due to the milk formula and should not be the primary focus of intervention. Adhering to precry cues (option B) is important as it can help parents understand and respond to their baby's needs before crying escalates. Mastering the situation in a relaxed manner (option A) is crucial for parents to effectively manage their stress and respond to their baby's needs calmly. Avoiding sensory overstimulation (option D) is important as it can help create a soothing environment for the baby. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of prioritizing advice based on the needs of the infant and the situation at hand. It emphasizes the significance of understanding infant cues, parental stress management, and environmental factors in addressing excessive crying in young infants. By focusing on the most relevant advice, healthcare providers can support parents in effectively caring for their child's needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct diagnosis is hemophilia (Option D). Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the blood's ability to clot properly, leading to prolonged bleeding after minor trauma or injury. In the case presented, the prolonged bleeding from the circumcision site is indicative of a clotting factor deficiency, which is characteristic of hemophilia. Option A, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is unlikely in this case because the platelet count is within normal range (170,000). ITP is characterized by a low platelet count, leading to increased bleeding risk, but the platelet count in this patient is not suggestive of ITP. Option B, Platelets function defect, is less likely because the platelet count is normal. Platelet dysfunction usually presents with a low platelet count or abnormal platelet function tests, which are not seen in this case. Option C, Von Willebrand disease, is also less likely as it typically presents with mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms rather than joint swelling after trauma. Additionally, the prolonged APTT in this case is more indicative of a clotting factor deficiency like hemophilia rather than a von Willebrand factor abnormality. In an educational context, understanding the differences in presentation, laboratory findings, and pathophysiology of various bleeding disorders is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and manage such conditions. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of bleeding symptoms and laboratory tests to reach the correct diagnosis and provide appropriate care for pediatric patients with bleeding disorders.