The client with which of the following types of lung cancer metastasizes quickly?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oat cell. Oat cell (small cell) lung cancer metastasizes quickly due to its aggressive nature, high growth rate, and early dissemination to distant sites. This type of cancer is known for its rapid spread to other organs, leading to poor prognosis. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and bronchial carcinoids have a slower metastatic rate compared to oat cell lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and other organs over time, while squamous cell typically spreads locally within the lung tissue. Bronchial carcinoids are slow-growing tumors with a lower propensity for rapid metastasis compared to oat cell lung cancer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, all of the above. Cessation of smoking reduces the risk of stillbirth by improving fetal health. It also reduces the chances of cancer by decreasing exposure to carcinogens. Additionally, quitting smoking decreases the risk of coronary disease by improving heart health. Therefore, all the choices are correct as they highlight different positive outcomes of quitting smoking.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoxia. Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues, leading to tissue damage. Asphyxia is a condition of suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply. Pleurisy is inflammation of the lining of the lungs, not directly related to oxygen supply. Anoxia is a severe form of hypoxia where there is complete deprivation of oxygen to the tissues. In this context, hypoxia best describes the condition of inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during normal breathing. This volume represents the normal breathing pattern and is essential for gas exchange in the lungs. Residual volume (A) is the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. Vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Tidal capacity (D) is not a recognized term in respiratory physiology. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to the air moved during normal breathing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water. After a bronchoscopy, the client's gag reflex may be compromised, increasing the risk of aspiration. Assessing the gag reflex is crucial to ensure the client can safely swallow without the risk of choking or aspirating. This step is essential before providing any food or water to prevent potential complications. Incorrect Choices: A: Calling the primary health care provider for food and water is unnecessary as the nurse can make this decision based on assessment. B: Providing ice chips instead of water does not address the need for assessing the gag reflex before giving any form of intake. D: Letting the client have a small sip without assessing the gag reflex first can pose a risk of aspiration if the reflex is impaired.