The client’s family asks whether hypothyroidism and Parkinson’s disease are associated with any mental health issues. The nurse answers, 'Yes, the main concern is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: depression. Hypothyroidism and Parkinson's disease can both lead to symptoms of depression due to their impact on neurotransmitters and hormones. Hypothyroidism can cause fatigue, weight gain, and mood changes, while Parkinson's disease can lead to decreased dopamine levels, affecting mood. Bipolar disorder (B) is not directly associated with these conditions. Schizophrenia (C) is a separate mental health disorder with different symptoms. Posttraumatic stress disorder (D) is more related to experiencing a traumatic event, not specifically linked to hypothyroidism or Parkinson's disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Potassium level 2.8 mEq/L. Low potassium levels can increase the toxicity of cardiac glycosides as they compete for the same binding sites on cardiac cells leading to enhanced drug effects. Potassium plays a crucial role in cardiac function, and low levels can potentiate the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity. This can result in serious cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. Summary: - Choice B: Potassium level 4.9 mEq/L is within normal range and would not increase toxicity. - Choice C: Sodium level 140 mEq/L is not directly related to cardiac glycoside toxicity. - Choice D: Calcium level 10 mg/dL is not typically associated with increased toxicity of cardiac glycosides.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Diuretics can cause orthostatic hypotension, leading to a drop in blood pressure upon standing. Step 2: Orthostatic hypotension increases the risk of falling and injury, especially in older adults. Step 3: By instructing the patient to take extra precautions when standing up, the nurse helps prevent falls and injuries. Step 4: This teaching point is crucial for promoting the patient's safety and independence at home. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because the timing of diuretic intake with meals is not as critical as preventing falls. Choice B is incorrect as skipping doses can lead to uncontrolled hypertension. Choice C is incorrect because stopping the medication abruptly can have negative consequences and potassium supplements may not be necessary. Choice D is correct as it addresses the potential side effect of orthostatic hypotension and emphasizes safety measures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper functioning of cells. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because active transport is not based on diffusion, does require energy consumption, and does not involve engulfing of molecules by vesicle formation. It is important to understand the fundamental concept of active transport to differentiate it from passive transport mechanisms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The increase of second messengers concentration, such as cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+, leads to the activation of protein kinases and subsequent protein phosphorylation. This is because second messengers act as signaling molecules that trigger a cascade of intracellular events, including the activation of protein kinases. Protein kinases then phosphorylate target proteins, modulating their activity and initiating various cellular responses. Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the downstream effect of increased second messengers' concentration. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the established signaling pathway involving second messengers and protein kinases.