The choice of a local anesthetic for specific procedures is usually based on:

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Drug and Dosage for ET Tube Cardiovascular Pharmacological Agents Questions

Question 1 of 5

The choice of a local anesthetic for specific procedures is usually based on:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the choice of a local anesthetic for specific procedures should consider multiple factors, including the duration of action (A), water solubility (B), and the capability of rapid penetration through the skin or mucosa with limited diffusion away from the site of application (C). Duration of action is important for ensuring adequate pain relief during the procedure, water solubility affects the onset of action and tissue penetration, and limited diffusion helps in maintaining the anesthetic effect at the target site. Therefore, considering all these factors collectively ensures the most appropriate choice of local anesthetic for a specific procedure. Choices A, B, and C on their own do not encompass all the essential considerations for selecting a local anesthetic, making them incorrect.

Question 2 of 5

Which depolarizing agent has the extremely brief duration of action?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Succinylcholine is the correct answer because it is a depolarizing agent with an extremely brief duration of action. It rapidly metabolizes by plasma cholinesterase, leading to a short duration of effect. Mivacurium, Rocuronium, and Rapacuronium are non-depolarizing agents with longer durations of action due to their mechanisms of action and metabolism, making them incorrect choices.

Question 3 of 5

Characteristics of methoxamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because methoxamine is a direct-acting alpha1-receptor agonist that increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increasing total peripheral resistance. It does not increase heart rate, contractility, or cardiac output; instead, it can cause reflex bradycardia due to its hypertensive effect. Therefore, the statement that it increases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output is incorrect. The other choices (A, C, and D) are all characteristics of methoxamine, making them incorrect options for this question.

Question 4 of 5

Beta-receptor antagonists have all of the following cardiovascular effects EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Beta-receptor antagonists, also known as beta-blockers, do not cause a fall in peripheral resistance as an acute effect. Here's why: A, negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, occur because beta-blockers decrease heart rate and contractility. C, vasoconstriction, is not a direct effect of beta-blockers; they actually cause vasodilation. D, reduction of renin release, is correct as beta-blockers inhibit renin-angiotensin system activity. Therefore, B is the exception among the listed cardiovascular effects of beta-receptor antagonists.

Question 5 of 5

Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: REM sleep. During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, brain activity is high and resembles waking patterns. This stage is associated with vivid dreams. Slow wave sleep (choice B) is deep, restorative sleep with minimal dreaming. Stage 2 NREM sleep (choice C) is a lighter sleep stage with occasional light dreaming. Option D is incorrect because only REM sleep is widely recognized as the stage most responsible for dreaming due to increased brain activity and vivid dreams.

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