The child understands objects continue to exist even when out of sight during

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the correct answer is option A) Sensorimotor. This stage occurs from birth to around 2 years old. During this period, children develop the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, known as object permanence. This understanding is a crucial milestone in cognitive development as it lays the foundation for more complex problem-solving skills. Option B) Preoperational, on the other hand, occurs from ages 2 to 7 years old. Children in this stage are still developing their understanding of the world, and while they may exhibit symbolic thinking, they have not fully grasped the concept of object permanence. Options C) Concrete operational and D) Formal operational stages occur at older ages and involve more advanced cognitive abilities such as logical reasoning and abstract thinking. These stages are beyond the point where object permanence is a primary developmental task. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is essential for educators working with children. By knowing the characteristics of each stage, educators can provide developmentally appropriate activities and support to help children progress through each stage successfully. Understanding object permanence, as in this question, is crucial for creating engaging and effective learning experiences for young children.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of Family Centered Care Theory in nursing, understanding the foundational theories that influence human behavior and interactions is crucial. In this question, the correct answer is C) Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning, a theory that explains how behaviors can be learned through association. In the case of Pavlov's experiments with dogs, he demonstrated how a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) could become associated with a reflex response (salivation) through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (food). Sigmund Freud (option A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior. While Freud's work is influential in psychology, it is not directly related to classical conditioning. B.F. Skinner (option B) is associated with operant conditioning, a theory that focuses on how behaviors are shaped by their consequences. Skinner's work is valuable in understanding reinforcement and punishment, but it is distinct from classical conditioning. Albert Bandura (option D) is known for his social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in learning. Bandura's theory highlights the importance of modeling and vicarious reinforcement, but it is not synonymous with classical conditioning. For nursing students, knowing the key theorists and their respective theories is essential for understanding human behavior, facilitating therapeutic relationships, and implementing effective interventions. By grasping the principles of classical conditioning, nurses can better comprehend how patients' behaviors may be influenced by past experiences and environmental cues, ultimately enhancing their ability to provide holistic and patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of Family Centered Care Theory in nursing, understanding the psychosexual stages of development is crucial for providing holistic care to individuals and families. In this question, the correct answer is C) Phallic. The Phallic stage, according to Freud's psychosexual theory, occurs between the ages of 3 to 6 years old. This stage is characterized by the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. Rivalry emerges during this stage as children develop unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and view the same-sex parent as a rival. Option A) Oral is associated with the first stage of development (0-1 year) where the focus is on oral stimulation. Option B) Anal is linked to the stage (1-3 years) where the focus shifts to bowel and bladder control. Option D) Genital is the final stage (puberty onward) where sexual desires are consciously expressed. Understanding these stages can help nurses comprehend the psychological underpinnings of behavior and emotions in individuals and families. By recognizing and addressing issues related to specific stages, nurses can provide more effective and empathetic care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of Family Centered Care Theory in nursing, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to understand child development stages to provide optimal care. The correct answer to the question "Children develop a sense of initiative between" is option C) 3-5 years. During the ages of 3-5 years, children are in Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt. This stage is characterized by children starting to assert themselves more regularly. They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. This is a critical period where children develop a sense of purpose and direction. Option A) 0-1 year is incorrect because during this stage (trust versus mistrust), infants are focused on developing a sense of trust in their caregivers. Option B) 1-3 years is incorrect as children in this age range are in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, where they are focused on developing a sense of independence. Option D) 5-7 years is incorrect because at this stage children are in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage, where they are more focused on mastering skills and tasks. Understanding these developmental stages is essential for nurses working with children and their families. By recognizing the age-appropriate behaviors and needs of children, nurses can tailor their care to support the child's development and well-being effectively. This knowledge also helps in building strong therapeutic relationships with both the child and their family, which is a fundamental aspect of Family Centered Care Theory in nursing practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of Family Centered Care Theory in nursing, understanding defense mechanisms is crucial for providing holistic and effective care to patients and their families. The correct answer to the question is C) Reaction formation. Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously exhibits behaviors that are the opposite of their true feelings or impulses in order to keep those true feelings hidden from themselves and others. In the context of family-centered care, this defense mechanism may manifest in a caregiver or family member projecting an overly positive or caring attitude towards a loved one who is critically ill, when in reality they may be feeling overwhelmed, scared, or even resentful. Option A) Regression involves reverting to an earlier stage of development in the face of stress or anxiety. This may manifest as a childlike behavior in adults but does not directly address the question of blocking painful memories and anxiety-raising thoughts. Option B) Depression involves feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. While depression may be a response to repressed memories and anxiety, it does not actively block these thoughts from consciousness. Option D) Identification is a defense mechanism where an individual adopts characteristics or behaviors of another person whom they perceive as more powerful or successful. While identification can play a role in coping mechanisms, it does not directly address the question of blocking painful memories and anxiety-raising thoughts. Educationally, understanding defense mechanisms in the context of family-centered care theory helps nurses to recognize and address the complex emotional dynamics within families facing health challenges. By identifying defense mechanisms such as reaction formation, nurses can provide more empathetic and supportive care to both patients and their families, leading to better outcomes and overall well-being.