The child's sex is determined by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the sex of the child is determined by the sex chromosome carried by the spermatozoon that fertilizes the ovule. Sperm carries either an X or a Y chromosome, determining if the child will be male (XY) or female (XX). Choices A and B are incorrect because the type of spermatozoon or ovule does not solely determine the child's sex. Choice C is incorrect as well because the sex chromosome of the ovule alone does not determine the child's sex.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) alopecia. Alopecia refers to hair loss, which is a common side effect of chemotherapy. When Mrs. Morris mentions buying a wig, she is likely anticipating hair loss due to the treatment. This demonstrates her understanding of this particular side effect. Option A) hirsutism refers to excessive hair growth, which is not a typical side effect of chemotherapy. Option C) tinnea capitus is a fungal infection of the scalp, unrelated to chemotherapy. Option D) folliculitis is an inflammation of the hair follicles, also not directly associated with chemotherapy. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of chemotherapy is crucial for patients undergoing cancer treatment. Recognizing and preparing for these side effects can help patients cope better with the physical and emotional changes they may experience. This question not only tests knowledge but also reinforces the importance of patient education and support during cancer treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option B) Don gloves. When assisting in the collection of a vaginal smear for microscopic examination in a suspected case of vaginal candidiasis, wearing gloves is crucial to prevent the spread of infection and maintain proper hygiene practices. Choosing option A) to inspect the external genitalia first could potentially introduce external contaminants and compromise the accuracy of the smear. Option C) washing hands is important but not the immediate priority since wearing gloves provides a physical barrier. Option D) labeling the specimen is important but should come after ensuring proper hygiene practices to prevent contamination. From an educational perspective, understanding the correct sequence of steps in specimen collection is vital for healthcare professionals to maintain patient safety and accuracy of test results. Emphasizing the importance of infection control practices like wearing gloves can prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It also reinforces the significance of following proper protocols to ensure reliable diagnostic outcomes in patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) MRI. High-risk clients, such as those with a family history of breast cancer or certain genetic mutations, require additional screening beyond mammography to detect cancer at an early stage. MRI is recommended for these individuals because it is more sensitive in detecting breast cancer in dense breast tissue compared to mammography alone. MRI can provide detailed images of the breast tissue, helping to identify abnormalities that may be missed by mammography. A) Breast biopsy is a diagnostic procedure done after an abnormality is detected on imaging studies like mammography or MRI. It is not a recommended screening test for high-risk clients. C) Ultrasound is useful as a supplemental imaging tool for evaluating breast abnormalities found on mammography or MRI, but it is not typically recommended as a primary screening test for high-risk clients. D) CT scan is not routinely used for breast cancer screening due to its limited sensitivity in detecting breast abnormalities. It is primarily used for staging cancer or evaluating distant metastasis. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the choice of MRI for high-risk clients is crucial for healthcare providers involved in breast cancer screening and management. It highlights the importance of personalized screening approaches based on individual risk factors and the strengths of different diagnostic modalities in detecting breast cancer. This knowledge empowers healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding the most appropriate screening strategies for their patients, ultimately improving early detection and outcomes in high-risk populations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Torsion of the spermatic cord. Torsion of the spermatic cord occurs when the testicle twists, causing a sudden and severe pain in the scrotum. This condition is a medical emergency as it can lead to decreased blood flow to the testicle, resulting in tissue damage and potential loss of the testicle if not promptly treated. Cryptorchidism (B) is the condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It is a congenital condition and not related to the sudden onset of pain described in the case. Phimosis (C) is the inability to retract the foreskin from the head of the penis. This condition does not present with sudden testicular pain as described in the case. Spermatocele (D) is a cyst-like growth that develops in the epididymis, the coiled tube located behind the testicle. It is usually painless and does not typically cause sudden intense testicular pain. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of testicular pain is crucial for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to provide appropriate and timely care. Recognizing the symptoms and signs of conditions like torsion of the spermatic cord is essential for prompt intervention to prevent complications like testicular ischemia.