The cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem, and butterfly-shaped portion of the central spinal cord are comprised of which contains neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, and all nerve synapses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Grey matter. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, and all nerve synapses. The cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem, and butterfly-shaped portion of the central spinal cord are regions of the brain and spinal cord rich in grey matter. White matter (choice B) contains mostly axons and serves to connect different parts of the nervous system. The frontal lobe (choice A) is a specific region of the cerebrum responsible for higher cognitive functions. The corpus callosum (choice D) is a structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, composed of white matter. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it accurately describes the composition of the mentioned brain regions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for correct answer A: Epigenetic changes are reversible because they involve modifications to gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle choices, making them reversible through interventions like diet, exercise, and medication. This reversibility allows for the potential to modify gene expression and potentially reverse negative health outcomes. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself but regulate gene expression. They do not change how the body reacts to the DNA sequence but rather how genes are turned on or off. C: Epigenetic changes have been linked to various mental health conditions, such as depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, among others. Therefore, this statement is incorrect. D: Epigenetic changes can increase the risk for psychiatric diseases when combined with genetic predispositions, rather than decreasing the risk. Thus, this statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Norepinephrine. Symptoms described by the patient, such as feeling frozen, heart pounding, and difficulty sleeping, are consistent with increased arousal and anxiety, which are associated with elevated levels of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in the body's stress response, triggering the "fight or flight" reaction. Serotonin (Choice A) is more related to mood regulation and emotions, while GABA (Choice B) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety. Dopamine (Choice D) is involved in reward and pleasure pathways, not directly associated with the symptoms described. Thus, the correct choice is C, norepinephrine, due to its role in stress response and arousal.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Benzodiazepines) Rationale: 1. Benzodiazepines work on GABA receptors, not serotonin receptors. 2. MOAIs inhibit serotonin breakdown. 3. SSRIs block serotonin reuptake. 4. Tricyclic antidepressants increase serotonin levels. Summary: Benzodiazepines do not directly affect serotonin like the other medication classes. MOAIs, SSRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants all modulate serotonin levels in the brain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: EPS stands for Extrapyramidal Symptoms, which are side effects commonly associated with antipsychotic medications. Step 2: Tardive dyskinesia is a type of EPS characterized by abnormal, repetitive facial and tongue movements. Step 3: Teaching about tardive dyskinesia is important because it is a serious, potentially irreversible side effect. Step 4: Teaching patients to recognize signs of tardive dyskinesia helps in early detection and management. Step 5: Choices A, C, and D describe other types of EPS symptoms, not tardive dyskinesia, making them incorrect. Step 6: Therefore, the correct teaching about EPS related to tardive dyskinesia aligns with choice B.