The cells of the distal nephron are interspersed among the principal cells and contribute to acid-base regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the distal nephron regulate acid-base balance by secreting H+ or HCO3-.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Increased ventilation removes CO2 to compensate for organic acid accumulation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Polyuria is defined as excessive urine output, often seen in conditions like diabetes, distinct from glycosuria (glucose in urine) or oliguria (low output).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Potassium is an essential electrolyte vital for nerve and muscle function. Hypokalemia, or low potassium, can be caused by factors that deplete the body's potassium levels. Diuretics can increase potassium excretion, excessive vomiting leads to electrolyte loss, and kidney disease impairs potassium regulation. Constipation, however, does not directly contribute to potassium depletion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When considering hypertonic solutions, extra assessment is needed for the condition of the heart. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes compared to the body's cells, which can cause fluid to be drawn out of the cells and into the bloodstream. This can lead to an increase in blood volume and put additional strain on the heart. Therefore, it is important to assess the condition of the heart before administering hypertonic solutions to ensure it can handle the increased workload.