The bladder capacity of a 3-year-old is approximately how much?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) 5 fl. oz. for the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old. Understanding pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions is crucial when caring for pediatric patients. In this case, the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old is approximately 5 fl. oz. due to the child's age-related growth and development. Option A) 1.5 fl. oz. is incorrect because it is too low for a 3-year-old's bladder capacity. Option B) 3 fl. oz. is also too low for a 3-year-old. Option C) 4 fl. oz. is closer but still underestimates the bladder capacity of a 3-year-old compared to the correct answer. Educationally, knowing the bladder capacity of pediatric patients is essential for nurses to monitor urinary output, assess for urinary retention, and provide appropriate interventions. Understanding age-specific norms helps in delivering safe and effective care to pediatric patients. In this case, recognizing the appropriate bladder capacity for a 3-year-old informs nursing interventions and assessment strategies in pediatric genitourinary care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option C: Record the urine output in the chart. Rationale: The nurse should record the urine output in the chart because it is within the expected range for a 4-year-old weighing 15 kg. The average urine output for children is 1-2 mL/kg/hour, and in this case, the child has produced 150 mL in a 10-hour period, which falls within this range. Why other options are wrong: A) Option A is incorrect because the urine output is not too low for a child of this age and weight. B) Option B may not be necessary as the urine output is within the expected range, and increasing oral intake may not be indicated. D) Option D is unnecessary as there is no indication of dehydration or need for IV fluids based on the provided information. Educational context: Understanding normal pediatric urine output ranges is crucial for pediatric nurses to assess hydration status accurately. By documenting the urine output, the nurse can monitor the child's renal function and fluid balance, which is essential in pediatric care. This scenario highlights the importance of applying knowledge of pediatric genitourinary norms in clinical practice to provide safe and effective care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct response, option C, is the most appropriate choice for the parent of a 7-year-old experiencing persistent bed-wetting. Limiting fluids in the evening can help reduce the likelihood of bed-wetting episodes by decreasing urine production overnight. Additionally, implementing a reward system for dry nights can positively reinforce the child's efforts and progress, promoting a sense of achievement and motivation to stay dry. Option A, suggesting the use of DDAVP, may be a viable treatment in some cases of bed-wetting, but it is typically reserved for specific situations and should be prescribed by a healthcare provider after a thorough evaluation. Option B, advocating a punitive approach by showing the child the work involved in changing sheets, is not recommended as it can lead to emotional distress and does not address the underlying cause of bed-wetting. Option D, mentioning bed-wetting alarms, is a valid intervention that can be effective in helping children recognize and respond to the sensation of a full bladder during sleep. However, in this scenario, focusing on fluid management and positive reinforcement through a reward system aligns better with addressing the issue of persistent bed-wetting in a 7-year-old. In an educational context, it is essential to emphasize a holistic approach to managing pediatric genitourinary issues, including bed-wetting. Educating parents about practical strategies like fluid restriction and positive reinforcement can empower them to support their child effectively while also promoting a positive and nurturing environment for the child to address this common concern.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In chronic renal failure (CRF), the correct answer is B) Depletion of calcium and phosphorus from the bones due to hypocalcemia. In CRF, the kidneys are unable to regulate electrolyte balance effectively, leading to impaired excretion of phosphorus and decreased activation of vitamin D, which in turn causes hypocalcemia. This results in the body attempting to maintain normal serum calcium levels by leaching calcium and phosphorus from the bones, leading to bone demineralization and osteoporosis. Option A is incorrect because in CRF, there is typically an increase in serum phosphorus levels due to decreased excretion by the kidneys. Option C is incorrect as calcium does not remain in the bones due to a structural change; rather, the bones are depleted of calcium and phosphorus. Option D is incorrect as poor nutritional intake does not directly lead to decreased electrolytes in CRF; the primary issue lies in the kidney's inability to regulate electrolyte balance efficiently. Understanding the electrolyte imbalances in CRF is crucial for pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions as these imbalances can have significant effects on a child's growth, development, and overall health. Nurses need to closely monitor and manage these electrolyte abnormalities to prevent complications such as bone disease and metabolic disturbances in pediatric patients with CRF.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding the signs associated with glomerulonephritis is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, option C, is commonly associated with glomerulonephritis due to the presence of mild proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine output, and lethargy. Massive proteinuria, hematuria, decreased output, and lethargy (option A) are indicative of a more severe presentation, typically seen in conditions like nephrotic syndrome rather than glomerulonephritis. Mild proteinuria, increased output, and lethargy (option B) are not typical signs of glomerulonephritis, as increased urine output is not a common feature. Massive proteinuria, decreased urine output, and hypotension (option D) present with hypotension, which is not commonly associated with glomerulonephritis. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis is essential for early identification and intervention in pediatric patients. By recognizing the combination of mild proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine output, and lethargy, nurses can promptly initiate appropriate treatments and prevent potential complications associated with glomerulonephritis.