The belief that effort will lead to a specific performance level in an individual is known as:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Expectancy. Expectancy theory posits that individuals believe that their effort will lead to a specific level of performance. This belief in the relationship between effort and performance is crucial in determining motivation. Rewards (A) refer to the outcomes of the performance, not the belief in effort-performance connection. Valence (C) is the value a person places on a specific reward, not the belief in effort-performance link. Instrumentality (D) is the belief that performance will lead to a certain outcome, not the belief in effort-performance relationship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increase the client's intake of carbohydrates. Adequate nutrition, including carbohydrates, is essential for skin health and wound healing. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body's healing processes. Skin breakdown can be prevented by ensuring the client has a well-balanced diet. A: Placing the client in high-Fowler's position is not directly related to preventing skin breakdown in this scenario. C: Massaging areas of skin that are darker than the surrounding skin tissue with lotion may cause more harm than good, as it can increase the risk of skin breakdown. D: Having the client use a trapeze bar when changing position is important for mobility but does not directly address the prevention of skin breakdown.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Network model. In a network model HMO, the organization contracts with two or more IPAs. IPAs are groups of independent doctors who work together to provide care. This model allows members to choose from a network of providers. A: Staff model HMOs directly employ physicians. B: Point of service model HMOs allow members to go out of network for care. D: Group model HMOs contract with a single medical group, not multiple IPAs. Therefore, the network model is the correct choice as it specifically involves contracting with multiple IPAs, distinguishing it from the other options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary role of the nurse manager in risk management is to minimize risks to patients and staff. This involves identifying potential risks, implementing strategies to prevent harm, and ensuring a safe environment. By minimizing risks, the nurse manager promotes patient safety and staff well-being. A: Ensuring compliance with regulations is important but not the primary role of the nurse manager in risk management. B: Reporting incidents to higher authorities is a part of risk management, but not the primary role of the nurse manager. D: Educating staff about safe practices is crucial in risk management, but the primary role of the nurse manager is to minimize risks directly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Carefully assessing and documenting client status is crucial to avoid charges of negligence and false imprisonment. By assessing and documenting client status, healthcare providers can ensure they are meeting the client's needs and providing appropriate care. This helps in demonstrating that the healthcare provider acted responsibly. Option B is incorrect because ensuring all patient information is logged out and the nurse has signed out of the computer before leaving the computer station relates more to patient privacy and data security, rather than avoiding charges of negligence and false imprisonment. Option C, keeping careful notes while providing care, is important for accurate documentation but does not directly address the risk of negligence or false imprisonment. Option D, discussing safety needs with clients, is important but does not specifically address the legal aspects of negligence and false imprisonment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Collaboration. Collaboration involves both parties working together to find a mutually beneficial solution. In this scenario, collaborating with the physicians and nursing staff allows for open communication, respect for each other's expertise, and finding a compromise on when to record vital signs. Accommodating (A) involves giving in to one party's preferences, while avoiding (C) involves ignoring the conflict altogether. Competing (D) focuses on one party winning at the expense of the other, which does not respect the professionalism of both parties. Collaboration is the most effective technique as it values input from all parties and fosters a positive working relationship.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To prevent the onset of disease. Health promotion activities aim to prevent illnesses before they occur by promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles. This is a proactive approach that focuses on preventing diseases rather than managing or treating them after they have developed. Choice A focuses on managing existing conditions, choice B emphasizes educating patients after the fact, and choice D focuses on early detection and treatment rather than prevention. Preventing disease through health promotion is the most effective and cost-efficient approach to improving overall health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because evidence-based practice (EBP) involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available research evidence and considering patient preferences. This approach ensures that decisions are informed by both the clinician's experience and the most current and relevant research findings, leading to the most effective and individualized patient care. Choice A is incorrect as it solely relies on clinical expertise without considering research evidence. Choice B is incorrect as it suggests solely relying on research findings, neglecting the importance of clinical judgment. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on following institutional guidelines rather than on the integration of clinical expertise and research evidence.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because limiting sodium intake to 2 grams daily is crucial for managing heart failure by reducing fluid retention and strain on the heart. This statement shows understanding of dietary restrictions to manage the condition effectively. Choice B is incorrect because while monitoring weight is important for heart failure, it does not specifically demonstrate understanding of the teaching provided. Choice C is incorrect because decreasing potassium intake is not recommended for heart failure management unless specifically advised by a healthcare provider. Choice D is incorrect as it mentions a positive dietary change, but does not address the key issue of sodium intake, which is essential for managing heart failure.